NURS-FPX4015 - Capella Assessment

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 5

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Introduction and Initial Observations Good day, Ms. Jackson. My name is __, and I will be conducting a full head-to-toe assessment to evaluate your overall physical and emotional health. The purpose of this evaluation is to detect any potential health concerns and tailor a care plan specific to your needs. If at any point during the process you experience discomfort or need a break, please let me know immediately. On initial observation, your posture suggests mild fatigue, and there appears to be some emotional tension based on your facial expressions and body language. To assess your mental clarity, I’ll ask you a few questions: Can you please tell me your full name, the current date, and your present location? Thank you. Additionally, I’d like to inquire about your emotional well-being—have you recently experienced trouble sleeping, mood fluctuations, or persistent anxiety or sadness? It’s important to address emotional and mental health alongside physical well-being so we can create a supportive and effective care plan. Neurological and Cardiovascular Assessment We’ll begin with a brief neurological examination. Your pupils are equal in size and react appropriately to light stimuli, which is a positive sign of neurological function. Your extraocular movements were assessed by tracking my finger, and your eye movements appeared coordinated and smooth. I then evaluated your reflexes with a patellar tap, which yielded a normal response. Your grip strength is balanced on both sides, and your coordination appears intact when performing the finger-to-nose test followed by reaching toward my hand. Moving forward to the cardiovascular evaluation, I auscultated your heart sounds, which were regular and clear. Your pulse rhythm was steady. Upon measuring your blood pressure, the reading was 145/90 mmHg, which is mildly elevated. This may be related to recent stress, dietary habits, or underlying health conditions. Your peripheral circulation, evaluated through capillary refill time, is within normal limits. Respiratory, Abdominal, and Musculoskeletal Assessment The respiratory assessment involved listening to lung sounds at various locations on your chest and back. The breath sounds were clear, without wheezes, rales, or crackles, indicating healthy pulmonary function. I then palpated your abdomen, which was soft and non-tender, with no detectable masses. Your bowel sounds were active and regular, suggesting normal gastrointestinal activity. In evaluating your musculoskeletal system, you demonstrated full joint range of motion when asked to move your arms in circles. Your leg strength was symmetrical when pressing against resistance. A brief skin examination revealed healthy, intact skin without signs of lesions, edema, or rashes. Your nails also appeared healthy, with no abnormalities such as discoloration or brittleness. Table: Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Findings Assessment Category Findings Comments Mental Status Oriented to person, place, and time. No signs of confusion; emotional distress noted. Neurological Pupils equal/reactive; smooth eye tracking; intact reflexes; good strength. Neurological findings within normal limits. Cardiovascular BP: 145/90 mmHg; heart sounds clear; regular pulse. Slight hypertension possibly linked to stress or diet. Respiratory Breath sounds clear in all lung fields. Respiratory system appears healthy. Abdominal Abdomen soft, non-tender; normal bowel activity. No GI concerns noted. Musculoskeletal and Skin Joint movement normal; symmetrical leg strength; skin intact. No dermatological or musculoskeletal issues observed. Discussion of Diagnosis and Findings Following the comprehensive assessment, it appears that Ms. Jackson may be experiencing symptoms commonly associated with anxiety and depression. Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, disturbed sleep, and feelings of hopelessness are all indicative of underlying mental health conditions. As the CDC (2023) highlights, conditions such as anxiety and depression can significantly affect one’s physical health, often presenting with symptoms like muscle tightness, restlessness, and mood instability. Ms. Jackson also expressed feelings of low motivation, sadness, and emotional overwhelm—symptoms that may align with major depressive disorder. These emotional health conditions are treatable and should be addressed with the same level of attention as chronic conditions such as hypertension (CDC, 2023). It’s important that we proceed with a tailored treatment strategy that may include therapy, lifestyle modifications, and possibly pharmacological support, all of which can improve her quality of life. Ms. Jackson, do you have any concerns or questions regarding today’s findings? Your comfort and understanding are essential as we move forward. References Calvi, A., et al. (2021). Antidepressant drugs effects on blood pressure. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.704281 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Mental health conditions: Depression and anxiety. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/depression-anxiety.html Chu, A., & Wadhwa, R. (2023). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/ Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Neurotransmitters. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 5 Ghodeshwar, G. K., et al. (2023). Impact of lifestyle modifications on cardiovascular health. Cureus, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42616 Nakao, M., et al. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for mental health and stress. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 15(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 4

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Caring for Special Populations: Educational Presentation Overview of Homelessness and Health Care Barriers Individuals experiencing homelessness form a high-risk population confronted by multiple health disparities rooted in economic hardship and insufficient social networks. This educational presentation explores the complex health issues unique to the homeless community, including barriers to preventative services. It also sheds light on the cultural nuances and social determinants influencing their healthcare outcomes. Nurses serve a pivotal role by advocating for equitable, empathetic care that acknowledges individual backgrounds. Through education, active community partnerships, and cultural understanding, nurses can help reduce healthcare inequities faced by this marginalized group. Understanding the Healthcare Needs of People Experiencing Homelessness Epidemiology and Health Vulnerabilities Homelessness continues to be a critical public health concern in the United States. As of 2024, approximately 771,480 individuals were reported as homeless, translating to 23 per 10,000 people (De Sousa & Henry, 2024). This diverse group includes chronically homeless adults, families with children, military veterans, and unaccompanied youth. They often suffer from multiple health conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, and untreated infections. Furthermore, mental health disorders, substance abuse, and trauma are commonly observed, compounded by unstable housing, poor hygiene facilities, and food insecurity (Padgett, 2020). The absence of a permanent address often prevents access to health insurance, follow-up care, and necessary medications. Distrust of healthcare providers, stigma, and logistical hurdles also discourage them from seeking medical attention. As a result, they frequently prioritize immediate survival needs over chronic disease management. Nurses can respond more effectively by embracing trauma-informed care that prioritizes respect, safety, and compassion (Brais & Riva, 2024). Effective care should be culturally responsive and tailored to the lived realities of this group. Cultural Beliefs and Healthcare Perspectives Survival-Driven Values and Spiritual Coping Homeless individuals often share survival-centered values, regardless of their race, religion, or background. Securing basic needs such as shelter, safety, and food generally takes precedence over preventive health measures (Zhao, 2022). Due to repeated experiences of neglect or discrimination, many people without housing lack trust in the medical system and delay seeking care. Spirituality or religious practices often serve as critical coping tools, helping individuals deal with trauma and adversity (Fitzpatrick, 2020). Cultural norms—such as dress, dietary preferences, or communication styles—may also affect how homeless individuals interact with healthcare providers. Respecting autonomy, treating patients with dignity, and allowing for shared decision-making are key to fostering trust (Miller et al., 2024). True cultural competence in this context involves understanding both the individual’s culture and their experience of homelessness. Health Disparities and Systemic Challenges Social Determinants and Gaps in Access Environmental and societal factors significantly contribute to the health inequities faced by homeless populations. Key social determinants include poverty, lack of education, limited job opportunities, inadequate nutrition, and unstable housing (Lee et al., 2023). These barriers complicate chronic disease management and limit access to timely, quality care. Homeless individuals are disproportionately affected by physical illnesses, psychiatric conditions such as PTSD and schizophrenia, and co-occurring substance use disorders. Due to a lack of insurance, transportation, or primary care access, many rely on emergency services, which are both inefficient and costly. Preventive services like vaccinations and screenings are often out of reach. Language and cultural barriers can further hinder care for children in homeless families. As such, there is a pressing need for trauma-sensitive, practical, and equitable nursing strategies that address these disparities with empathy and understanding (Zhao, 2022). Strategies for Culturally Competent Nursing Practice Implementing Trauma-Informed Care and Community Partnerships Culturally competent care for homeless individuals includes recognizing past traumas and offering dignity-centered, nonjudgmental support. Many have experienced domestic abuse, systemic racism, or street violence. Nurses must acknowledge these histories and provide consistent, respectful care that values the person’s autonomy (Brais & Riva, 2024). This builds trust and promotes engagement with health services. Partnering with shelters, mosques, churches, or community centers can create culturally safe environments where patients feel supported emotionally and spiritually (Fitzpatrick, 2020). These collaborations improve outreach and continuity of care, especially for marginalized or religiously observant individuals. Case-Based Applications of Competent Care Real-World Examples In Southern Oregon, a specialized care initiative targeted the homeless population through a culturally responsive, trauma-informed model (OHSU School of Nursing, n.d.). Nurses received training to manage tri-morbidity—mental illness, substance use, and chronic diseases—and provided care in familiar environments, reducing anxiety and increasing compliance. Another case involved a Somali refugee suffering from homelessness and asthma. Due to her religious attire and prayer needs, she previously avoided clinics. A nurse learned about her spiritual customs and coordinated care that accommodated prayer times and cultural norms. A local mosque assisted with temporary housing, leading to improved medication adherence and follow-up visits (Fang et al., 2023). These examples underscore how integrating cultural awareness into care can foster healing and trust. Educational Resources for Nurses Enhancing Cultural Sensitivity and Clinical Skills To build their skills, nurses can access resources such as the National Health Care for the Homeless Council (NHCHC), which offers toolkits and training in trauma-informed care and cultural competency (NHCHC, n.d.). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) also provides evidence-based resources focusing on co-occurring disorders and homelessness (SAMHSA, n.d.). Engaging in local outreach efforts and ongoing education in ethics, cultural humility, and health disparities further strengthens nursing competencies. Hands-on experiences are essential for delivering care that respects the unique narratives of individuals living without housing. Conclusion Meeting the healthcare needs of homeless individuals requires a blend of cultural humility, trauma-informed care, and system-level advocacy. Nurses can play a transformative role by removing barriers, embracing diverse perspectives, and tailoring care to each patient’s lived experiences. Long-term solutions involve promoting trust, accessibility, and dignity in healthcare delivery. Continued professional learning, interagency collaboration, and a focus on social justice remain essential to improving outcomes for this vulnerable population. References Brais, H., & Riva, M. (2024). Towards a “trauma-informed spaces of care” model: The example of services for

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 2

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Enhancing Holistic Nursing Practice through the 3Ps In the evolving landscape of modern healthcare, ensuring high-quality, patient-centered, and safe nursing care demands the integration of scientific expertise with a holistic philosophy. Holistic nursing advocates for attending to the patient as a complete being—encompassing mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Incorporating the foundational 3Ps—pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment—equips nurses to develop individualized and evidence-informed care strategies. With a deeper grasp of disease processes, appropriate medication management, and comprehensive assessments, nurses are empowered to address the layered and diverse needs of their patients. The subsequent sections illustrate how these core domains interact to reinforce sound clinical decisions and foster better health outcomes. Holistic Nursing Care and Its Importance According to the American Holistic Nurses Association (n.d.), holistic nursing is a practice that promotes healing the person as a whole, emphasizing the integration of self, spirit, and environment. Florence Nightingale initially advocated these values, viewing health as harmony among body, mind, and environment. Holistic nursing highlights active listening, cultural respect, therapeutic engagement, and empathetic collaboration. This care model promotes improved symptom relief, emotional comfort, and patient empowerment while encouraging patient participation in care plans (Ambushe et al., 2023). Moreover, it enhances adherence to treatments by aligning care with patients’ cultural beliefs and values. For nurses, embracing a holistic philosophy can reduce job fatigue, enhance self-awareness, and increase professional satisfaction through reflective practice and compassion-driven care (Prescott et al., 2024). Ultimately, this approach fosters healing on multiple levels and contributes to improved care quality. Understanding Pathophysiology in Nursing Pathophysiology explores how disease and injury alter normal physiological functions. Nurses with a solid understanding of pathophysiology can detect early warning signs, anticipate complications, and tailor care to match disease progression (Colsch et al., 2020). This knowledge enables holistic assessments, identifying how conditions like congestive heart failure (CHF) manifest not just physically—through edema or fatigue—but also psychologically and socially (Malik et al., 2023). For example, understanding glucose metabolism helps nurses educate diabetic patients about dietary habits and the risks of neuropathy or kidney dysfunction. Through this knowledge, nurses contribute meaningfully to interdisciplinary care, advocate for patients, and improve health literacy—key components of holistic practice. Applying Pharmacology for Holistic Care Pharmacology is vital in nursing to ensure the safe and effective administration of medications. A strong pharmacological foundation helps nurses evaluate therapeutic benefits, anticipate adverse reactions, and adjust care plans according to the individual’s health status and social context (Taasen et al., 2024). For instance, administering opioids for pain involves understanding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics while addressing psychological concerns like addiction or societal stigma. Similarly, managing antihypertensive medications requires understanding vascular effects, promoting adherence, and considering cultural beliefs about pharmaceuticals. Nurses skilled in pharmacology support patient education and promote autonomy, especially in managing chronic conditions. When integrated into a holistic model, pharmacology ensures that medications not only meet clinical objectives but also support the patient’s lifestyle and values. Role of Physical Assessment in Nursing Care Physical assessment is a foundational skill in nursing that enables the systematic collection and interpretation of clinical data. Techniques such as palpation, auscultation, inspection, and percussion offer vital insights into patients’ physiological and emotional states (Fontenot et al., 2022). For example, a nurse caring for a dyspneic patient may evaluate respiratory rate, breath sounds, and oxygen saturation. These findings guide clinical actions like administering oxygen or adjusting medications (Zimmerman & Williams, 2023). Assessments also play a role in evaluating treatment effectiveness, such as checking post-operative sites for infection or complications. A thorough assessment enables prompt intervention, contributes to accurate diagnoses, and supports the development of a patient-specific care plan—cornerstones of holistic and safe nursing practice. Clinical Integration of the 3Ps Example 1: Managing Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) In an acute care environment, a nurse managing a CHF patient integrates knowledge from all three domains. Pathophysiology helps the nurse understand decreased cardiac function and fluid buildup (Malik et al., 2023). A physical exam might reveal symptoms like edema, crackles, or sudden weight gain. Armed with pharmacology expertise, the nurse can administer diuretics and ACE inhibitors safely, monitoring for side effects. Patient education on diet, medications, and fluid restrictions is tailored to the individual, resulting in reduced hospital readmissions and enhanced quality of life (Ding & Wang, 2020). Example 2: Diabetes Care in Primary Settings In a primary care setting, nurses managing type 2 diabetes patients must understand the physiological underpinnings of insulin resistance and its complications (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). Through assessment, nurses can detect signs of hyperglycemia or neuropathy. Medication administration is guided by pharmacological principles, including side effect monitoring. Patient education encompasses diet, glucose monitoring, and medication timing—empowering patients to self-manage. Combining these strategies reduces disease progression and complications, reinforcing patient autonomy and comprehensive care. Conclusion Holistic nursing care involves more than treating symptoms—it embodies an integrated, person-centered approach rooted in science and empathy. Nurses well-versed in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment are equipped to deliver individualized and safe care. When combined, these disciplines not only inform nursing practice but also support patient empowerment, safety, and well-being. This integration allows for clinical excellence while honoring the uniqueness of each patient’s experience. References Ambushe, S. A., Awoke, N., Demissie, B. W., & Tekalign, T. (2023). Holistic nursing care practice and associated factors among nurses in public hospitals of Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01517-0 American Holistic Nurses Association. (n.d.). What we do. Ahna.org. https://www.ahna.org/About-Us/What-is-Holistic-Nursing Colsch, R., Lehman, S., & Tolcser, K. (2020). State of pathophysiology in undergraduate nursing education: A systematic review. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 11(3), 11. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n3p11 Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Ding, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Effects of holistic nursing on chronic pulmonary heart disease complicated with heart failure. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 29(4), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.814 Fontenot, N. M., Hamlin, S. K., Hooker, S. J., Vazquez, T., & Chen, H. (2022). Physical assessment competencies for nurses: A quality improvement initiative. Nursing Forum, 57(4), 710–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12725 Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A.,

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 3

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Concept Map: The 3Ps and Mental Health Management Overview of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a significant mental health condition that interferes with an individual’s ability to function in daily life. It frequently coexists with physical illnesses, such as cardiovascular conditions, thereby complicating treatment outcomes and increasing the risk of mortality (Cui et al., 2024). Effective management of MDD necessitates a holistic strategy encompassing psychological, physiological, and pharmacological interventions—collectively described as the “3Ps.” This concept map is employed to apply the 3Ps framework to a real-life case study to promote a comprehensive, individualized care plan. Case Study: Ivy Jackson The featured case involves Ivy Jackson, a 63-year-old woman presenting with classic symptoms of MDD. After a divorce three weeks ago, Ivy began experiencing fatigue, insomnia, emotional distress, and unintended weight loss. While she does not report suicidal thoughts, her daily functioning is compromised due to anxiety and poor dietary habits. Ivy’s history of hypertension and familial predisposition to both depression and high blood pressure contribute to her mental and physical health challenges. A preliminary diagnosis of MDD has been made based on her symptoms and background, highlighting the multidimensional nature of her condition. Clinical Overview Mental Health Diagnosis Ivy has been diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a complex psychiatric condition that necessitates a detailed biopsychosocial assessment to understand contributing factors and inform treatment. Pathophysiological Mechanisms MDD is associated with neurochemical imbalances in serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels, which regulate emotions and cognition. Disruptions in these neurotransmitters—often triggered by stressful life events like trauma or loss—can lead to structural brain changes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, impacting mood and decision-making (Cui et al., 2024). Identified Risk Factors Ivy’s condition is influenced by her genetic vulnerability, demonstrated through a family history of depressive and hypertensive disorders. Her postmenopausal state and limited social network further amplify her risk and symptomatology (Bond et al., 2022). Pharmacologic Treatment She is currently taking escitalopram to regulate serotonin levels, a key strategy in alleviating depressive symptoms. Additionally, mirtazapine is prescribed to aid in sleep and reduce anxiety, creating a synergistic effect for more comprehensive symptom control (Murphy et al., 2021). Diagnostic Assessments A multidimensional diagnostic process was followed, including a comprehensive interview, PHQ-9 depression screening, and a psychiatric physical evaluation to differentiate MDD from other medical conditions (Cui et al., 2024). Physical and Emotional Assessment Ivy displays various depressive symptoms such as frequent crying, social withdrawal, insomnia, and poor nutritional intake. The absence of social support exacerbates her emotional distress, promoting further isolation and diminishing her overall functioning (Bond et al., 2022). Nursing Focus Nursing Diagnosis Ivy’s emotional distress following her divorce has led to maladaptive responses, including fatigue and sleep disturbances. Her physical symptoms, including poor nutrition and weight loss, contribute to her nonadherence to medications, exacerbating her depressive state and decreasing her quality of life. Recommended Nursing Interventions To support Ivy’s recovery, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is advised to help restructure negative thoughts. Regular monitoring of medication compliance, patient education, and referrals to social work for community support are also essential. These strategies aim to foster empowerment and functional reintegration. Potential Complications Untreated MDD can evolve into a chronic condition, heightening the risk of suicidal ideation, cognitive deficits, and deepened social withdrawal. Early intervention is key to preventing further health decline and preserving Ivy’s quality of life (Cui et al., 2024). Conclusion MDD profoundly affects both psychological and physical well-being. By incorporating the 3Ps model—psychological, physical, and pharmacological elements—into treatment planning, a more personalized and effective care strategy is achieved. Ivy’s case exemplifies the need for this integrative model to ensure comprehensive recovery and enhance life quality. Concept Map – The 3Ps and MDD Management Heading Content Summary Mental Health Diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), confirmed by clinical evaluation, PHQ-9 screening, and patient history. Pathophysiology Involves neurotransmitter imbalances (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and structural brain changes, especially in the prefrontal cortex (Cui et al., 2024). Risk Factors Genetic predisposition (family history), postmenopausal status, recent emotional trauma, and lack of social support (Bond et al., 2022). Pharmacology Escitalopram (SSRI) to regulate mood; mirtazapine for sleep and anxiety. Combination improves symptom management (Murphy et al., 2021). Diagnostic Procedures PHQ-9 screening, psychiatric interview, and full physical examination to exclude other health issues (Cui et al., 2024). Physical Assessment Symptoms include fatigue, insomnia, crying, social withdrawal, and poor appetite. Lacks social engagement and support (Bond et al., 2022). Nursing Diagnosis Emotional breakdown due to life stressors causing ineffective coping, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies impacting recovery. Nursing Interventions CBT for thought restructuring, medication compliance education, follow-ups, and social support referrals to improve coping and function. Complications Chronic depression, cognitive decline, suicidal ideation, and further physical and social deterioration if left unaddressed (Cui et al., 2024). Conclusion Utilizing the 3Ps model allows for a holistic and effective care plan, improving quality of life and treatment outcomes for patients like Ivy Jackson. References Bond, A. E., Bandel, S. L., Rodriguez, T. R., Anestis, J. C., & Anestis, M. D. (2022). Mental health treatment seeking and history of suicidal thoughts among suicide decedents by mechanism, 2003-2018. JAMA Network Open, 5(3), e222101. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2101 Bruijniks, S. J. E., Meeter, M., Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Peeters, F., Cuijpers, P., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2021). Temporal and specific pathways of change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) for depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 151, 104010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.104010 Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Cui, L., Li, S., Wang, S., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Xia, M., & Li, B. (2024). Major Depressive disorder: Hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y Murphy, S., Capitao, L., Giles, S., Cowen, P., Stringaris, A., & Harmer, C. (2021). The knowns and unknowns of SSRI treatment in young people with depression and anxiety: Efficacy, predictors, and mechanisms of action. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(9), 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00154-1

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 1

Capella FPX 4015 Assessment 1 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 5

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Hello, Ms. Jackson. My name is __, and I will be performing a comprehensive head-to-toe assessment today to evaluate your overall health. This assessment will provide us with valuable insights into your current health status, allowing us to develop a personalized care plan. If you experience any discomfort during the assessment, please let me know so we can pause. Let’s begin. Comprehensive and Professional Assessment As I observe you, I take note of your posture, facial expressions, and overall level of alertness. You appear slightly tense, with visible signs of fatigue. Now, I will assess your mental status, which is a critical aspect of your health. Ms. Jackson, I will ask you a few questions to evaluate your orientation and cognitive function. Can you please tell me your full name? Do you know today’s date and where we are currently? Thank you. Moving forward, I will assess your emotional state. Have you noticed any recent changes in your mood, difficulty sleeping, or feelings of sadness or anxiety? Your willingness to share this information is greatly appreciated, as mental health is just as important as physical health. We will work together to develop a supportive care plan. Next, I will conduct a neurological assessment. I will shine a light into your eyes to observe your pupils’ reaction. Your pupils react equally to light, which is a good sign. Now, please follow my finger with your eyes without moving your head. Your eye movements are smooth. I will gently tap below your knee to test your reflexes, and the response is normal. Let’s assess your grip strength—please squeeze my fingers as hard as you can. The strength is equal on both sides. Finally, I will check your coordination. Can you touch your nose with your finger and then reach out to touch my hand? Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Musculoskeletal Assessment Now, I will assess your cardiovascular health by listening to your heart sounds with my stethoscope. Please take a few deep breaths. Your heart sounds are clear, and your pulse is steady. Next, I will check your blood pressure; the reading is 145/90, which is slightly elevated. This may be influenced by factors such as stress or diet, and we can explore strategies to manage it. I will also assess your capillary refill by pressing on your fingertips, and your circulation appears normal. For the respiratory assessment, I will place my stethoscope on different areas of your chest and back to listen to your lungs. Please take a deep breath in and out. The lung sounds are normal, with no wheezing or crackling, which is a positive sign. Moving on, I will examine your abdomen by gently pressing on various areas. Please let me know if you experience any pain or discomfort. Your abdomen is soft, and there are no abnormal masses or tenderness. Your bowel sounds are normal. Next, I will evaluate your musculoskeletal and skin health. I will check your joint mobility by asking you to raise your arms and move them in a circular motion. That looks good. Now, let’s test your leg strength—please push against my hands with your feet. Your strength is equal on both sides. Your skin appears healthy, with no sores, rashes, or swelling. Additionally, I have checked your nails for any color changes or abnormalities, and everything appears normal. Discussion of Diagnosis and Findings Ms. Jackson, I have completed your head-to-toe assessment, and I would like to discuss my observations. Your symptoms of anxiety and depression appear to be contributing to your fatigue and may be affecting your focus, eating habits, and sleeping patterns. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2023), mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety can lead to poor sleep, restlessness, and frustration. Your vital signs show mild fluctuations, which may be linked to emotional distress. Additionally, I observed muscle tension, which is commonly associated with anxiety or chronic stress. You mentioned experiencing low moods, difficulty with motivation, and feeling overwhelmed, which align with symptoms of major depressive disorder (CDC, 2023). Furthermore, you expressed experiencing excessive worry and restlessness, which may indicate an anxiety component. It is important to recognize that mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are medical conditions that can be managed effectively, just like hypertension or diabetes. These findings will help us create a treatment plan aimed at improving your overall well-being. Do you have any questions about my findings? It is essential that you feel comfortable and informed about the next steps. Table: Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Findings Assessment Category Findings Comments Mental Status Oriented to name, date, and location. No cognitive impairment noted; emotional health concerns identified (depression, anxiety). Neurological Pupillary response normal, smooth eye movements, normal reflexes, strong grip, good coordination. No abnormalities detected. Cardiovascular Blood pressure: 145/90 (slightly elevated), clear heart sounds, steady pulse. Stress may be contributing to the elevated blood pressure. Respiratory Lungs clear, normal breath sounds, no wheezing or crackles. Respiratory function appears normal. Abdomen Soft, non-tender, no unusual masses, normal bowel sounds. No abnormalities detected. Musculoskeletal & Skin Joint mobility normal, equal leg strength, skin clear with no rashes or swelling. No significant findings. Understanding of Pharmacological Needs Based on our assessment, Ms. Jackson, your symptoms are consistent with depression and anxiety. If medication is considered as part of your treatment plan, I want to ensure you understand your options. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline and fluoxetine, are commonly prescribed for these conditions (Chu & Wadhwa, 2023). These medications help balance brain chemicals responsible for mood regulation. Another option is serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine, which are effective for both depression and anxiety. However, we must be mindful of your history of high blood pressure, as SNRIs can sometimes raise blood pressure (Calvi et al., 2021). These medications typically take several weeks to

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Caring for Special Populations Teaching Presentation Good day, everyone. My name is [Your Name], and today I will discuss the healthcare challenges faced by homeless or housing-insecure individuals. This presentation will also highlight culturally competent nursing strategies that can enhance health outcomes for this vulnerable population. Introduction to Housing-Insecure Individuals Housing insecurity refers to the lack of stable, adequate, and affordable housing, leading to risks such as eviction, overcrowding, and homelessness. Those experiencing housing insecurity often reside in temporary shelters, motels, or with family and friends due to financial constraints. Many frequently relocate or endure unsafe conditions, exacerbating chronic stress and negative health outcomes. People with disabilities, low-income families, and marginalized communities are disproportionately affected by housing insecurity, further intensifying socioeconomic disparities. According to the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC, 2023), approximately 11 million households, or one in four individuals, out of 44.1 million renters in the United States struggle with housing affordability. Financial hardship places many individuals at risk of losing their homes or being unable to afford rent, increasing their vulnerability to poor health outcomes. Healthcare Challenges for Housing-Insecure Individuals Individuals facing housing insecurity often delay seeking medical care due to cost, lack of insurance, and transportation barriers. They are at higher risk for chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases due to inadequate living conditions and limited access to nutritious food (Fitzpatrick & Willis, 2021). Additionally, mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are common due to financial stress and housing instability. The absence of stable housing contributes to poor medication adherence and frequent emergency department visits. Preventable hospitalizations and untreated medical conditions are widespread among this population. In 2019, the average cost of renting a home was $520 per month, but individuals with very low incomes could afford only $283 per month, creating a significant affordability gap (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2023). Addressing these healthcare disparities requires integrating Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) into care models. Community-based initiatives such as mobile health services, mental health counseling, and housing assistance can mitigate these challenges. Healthcare professionals should implement trauma-informed care to provide sensitive and effective treatment for housing-insecure individuals. Expanding Medicaid eligibility and strengthening social support networks can help bridge healthcare access gaps and improve outcomes (Willison et al., 2021). Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Culturally competent nursing care is crucial for addressing the health needs of housing-insecure individuals. Many individuals in this group prioritize basic survival over medical care, leading to untreated chronic conditions and delayed treatment for acute illnesses. Mobile health clinics that bring services directly to shelters and community centers can reduce transportation barriers and improve access to preventive care (Rennert et al., 2024). Housing-insecure individuals may distrust healthcare systems due to past negative experiences and perceived discrimination. As Hernandez et al. (2021) suggest, nurses should build trust through respectful, nonjudgmental communication and trauma-informed care. Cultural competence training enables providers to recognize and respect diverse backgrounds, improving patient engagement and treatment adherence. Financial instability and lack of identification documents prevent many individuals from accessing medical services. Nurses can support patients by connecting them with social workers and community resources that provide low-cost or free healthcare. Partnerships with local food pantries and housing agencies can help address SDOH, promoting long-term well-being (Garcia et al., 2024). By integrating culturally responsive strategies, nurses can reduce healthcare disparities and improve outcomes for housing-insecure populations. Table: Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Strategy Description Self-Reflection and Education Nurses should recognize their biases and understand how cultural values influence health beliefs and behaviors. Cultural Practices Recognition Healthcare providers should acknowledge alternative medicine, dietary restrictions, and spiritual traditions. Culturally Appropriate Communication Use interpreters, avoid medical jargon, and incorporate visual aids to bridge language barriers. Collective Decision-Making Involve family members and community leaders in care planning to align treatment with patients’ values. Addressing Socioeconomic Challenges Offer flexible appointment scheduling and use mobile health services to improve accessibility. Professional Development in Cultural Competence Continuous education helps nurses navigate complex healthcare interactions and reduce disparities. References Anthonj, C., Mingoti Poague, K. I. H., Fleming, L., & Stanglow, S. (2024). Invisible struggles: WASH insecurity and implications of extreme weather among urban homeless in high-income countries – A systematic scoping review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 255, 114285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114285 Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. (2024). Street team. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. https://www.bhchp.org/services/street-team/ Deering, M. (2024, May 3). Cultural competence in nursing. NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/ Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Willis, D. E. (2021). Homeless and hungry: Food insecurity in the land of plenty. Food Security, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x Garcia, C., Doran, K., & Kushel, M. (2024). Homelessness and health: Factors, evidence, innovations that work, and policy recommendations. Health Affairs, 43(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01049 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Hernandez, N. C., Leal, L. M. R., & Brito, M. J. M. (2021). Building culturally competent compassion in nurses caring for vulnerable populations. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 40(4), 089801012110627. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211062708 Miller, L. (2021). Statistics on veterans and substance abuse. Veteranaddiction.org. https://veteranaddiction.org/resources/veteran-statistics/ National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). A shortage of affordable homes. NLIHC. https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/gap/Gap-Report_2023.pdf Rennert, L., Gezer, F., Jayawardena, I., Howard, K. A., Bennett, K. J., Litwin, A. H., & Sease, K. K. (2024). Mobile health clinics for distribution of vaccinations to underserved communities during health emergencies: A COVID-19 case study. Public Health in Practice, 8, 100550–100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100550 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Grants for the benefit of homeless individuals (GBHI). SAMHSA.gov. https://www.samhsa.gov/communities/homelessness-programs-resources/grants/gbhi The Queens Nursing Institute. (2022). Homeless and inclusion health nursing case studies raising awareness and understanding of homeless and inclusion health nursing and demonstrating the value of this specialist role. The Queens Nursing Institute. https://qni.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/HIH-Case-Studies-2022.pdf Willison, C. E., Lillvis, D., Mauri, A., & Singer, P. M. (2021). Technically accessible, practically ineligible: The effects of Medicaid expansion implementation on chronic homelessness. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-9349142

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date The 3Ps and Mental Health Care: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition that ranks as the third leading cause of disease burden globally (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). The management of MDD often involves an integrated approach that addresses three primary factors: psychological, physiological, and pharmacological, collectively referred to as the 3Ps. These three dimensions provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex nature of MDD and guiding treatment strategies. A concept map, which visually organizes these components, plays a crucial role in enhancing clinical understanding and supporting evidence-based mental health care practices. Case Overview: Understanding Ivy Jackson’s Struggles with MDD Ivy Jackson, a 61-year-old woman, is presenting with classic symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder after experiencing a significant life stressor—her recent divorce. Symptoms such as persistent sadness, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and overall emotional distress align with the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These signs suggest a need for a holistic approach to care, which involves assessing her risk factors, diagnosing her condition, selecting the appropriate medication regimen, identifying potential complications, and implementing suitable nursing interventions. Mental Health Diagnosis: Exploring Ivy’s Symptoms and Background Ivy’s case is consistent with the DSM-5 definition of MDD, which is characterized by a prolonged low mood, a loss of interest in daily activities, cognitive disturbances, disrupted sleep patterns, and a noticeable decline in functional ability (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Ivy experiences chronic sadness, frequent crying episodes, and pervasive feelings of hopelessness following the abrupt end of her 38-year marriage. She also reports anhedonia, meaning she no longer enjoys activities that once brought her pleasure, including walking and socializing with her family. Furthermore, Ivy has lost 10 pounds due to a reduced appetite and is suffering from insomnia, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Though Ivy denies any suicidal thoughts, her social isolation and emotional distress heighten her risk for further complications. This necessitates close monitoring and intervention. Ivy’s depressive symptoms are influenced by multiple factors. The significant psychosocial stressor—her divorce—is a key trigger for her depressive episode. Her family history of depression, including her mother and brother, also suggests a genetic predisposition to the condition. Additionally, Ivy has a medical history of hypertension and has experienced depressive episodes in the past, especially during significant life transitions, such as when her youngest child left for college. Her non-adherence to medication is another critical risk factor. Ivy had been prescribed venlafaxine, a Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI), in the past but discontinued the medication due to withdrawal symptoms. This discontinuation is likely contributing to her current depressive relapse. Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment has been shown to be a significant factor in the recurrence of depression (Naudín et al., 2022). While Ivy’s condition is triggered by a clear stressor (her divorce), the persistence of her symptoms beyond the stressful event suggests MDD rather than situational depression. Situational depression tends to be short-lived and directly linked to external stressors, while MDD is associated with underlying biological factors, such as neurotransmitter imbalances and dysfunctions in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis (Remes, 2021). Given Ivy’s extended symptoms, history of depression, and the severity of her emotional distress, an MDD diagnosis is well-supported. Concept Map: Breaking Down Ivy Jackson’s MDD Care To better understand Ivy’s condition, a concept map provides a visual representation of the key factors involved in her MDD diagnosis and management. This map organizes the psychological, physiological, and pharmacological factors into a structured framework to guide care planning. Factors Psychological Physiological Pharmacological Risk Factors Divorce, family history of depression, social isolation Hypertension, past depressive episodes Discontinuation of venlafaxine, non-adherence to medications Signs & Symptoms Persistent sadness, crying, hopelessness, anhedonia Fatigue, weight loss, sleep disturbances, poor appetite Side effects of antidepressants, withdrawal symptoms Diagnostics DSM-5 Criteria for MDD Thyroid function tests, CBC, Vitamin D screening Past medication responses, adherence patterns Complications Chronic depression, social detachment, impaired decision-making Unregulated hypertension, nutritional deficiencies Relapse, medication non-adherence Nursing Interventions Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), social support Sleep hygiene, dietary counseling, physical activity Medication adherence support, side effect management Conclusion: Comprehensive Care for Ivy Jackson The case of Ivy Jackson underscores the critical importance of a structured and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing and managing Major Depressive Disorder. By using a concept map, healthcare providers can clearly identify and address the key factors involved in MDD, from psychological stressors to physiological and pharmacological concerns. A comprehensive care plan that integrates evidence-based strategies—such as psychological therapy, pharmacological treatment, and lifestyle modifications—will be essential to improving Ivy’s mental health, treatment adherence, and overall quality of life. References Bains, N., & Abdijadid, S. (2023, April 10). Major depressive disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/ Chand, S., & Arif, H. (2023). Depression. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/ Lieshout, R. J. V., Layton, H., Savoy, C. D., Haber, E., Feller, A., Biscaro, A., Bieling, P. J., & Ferro, M. A. (2022). Public health nurse-delivered group cognitive behavioural therapy for postpartum depression: A randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(6), 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221074426 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Naudín, M. A.-P., Abejón, E.-G., Gómez, F.-H., Lázaro, D.-F., & Álvarez, F. J. (2022). Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment and related factors in a region of Spain: A population-based registry study. Pharmaceutics, 14(12), 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122696 Remes, O. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature. Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 2

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Enhancing Holistic Nursing Care Through Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Holistic nursing care goes beyond just treating physical symptoms—it focuses on the entire person, addressing their body, mind, and spirit. Nurses who understand and integrate the principles of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment—collectively known as the “3Ps”—are able to offer more personalized, effective, and comprehensive care. This article examines the role of the 3Ps in holistic nursing, their impact on patient care, and how nurses can use this knowledge to improve patient outcomes. The Essence of Holistic Nursing Care Holistic nursing care is centered on treating the whole person, not just a set of symptoms or diseases. It combines conventional medical treatments with alternative therapies such as mindfulness, stress management, and therapeutic communication (American Holistic Nurses Association [AHNA], 2021). Nurses utilizing a holistic approach recognize that a patient’s physical, emotional, spiritual, and environmental factors are interconnected, and they focus on fostering healing in all of these areas. This approach has numerous benefits for both patients and nurses. For patients, it often leads to better health outcomes, increased satisfaction, and improved adherence to treatment plans. By addressing psychological and social factors, holistic care can reduce anxiety and enhance the recovery process. Nurses, on the other hand, experience higher job satisfaction, deeper patient connections, and lower burnout rates, which collectively enhance clinical decision-making and patient advocacy (Lukovsky et al., 2020). Holistic care is therefore a critical component of a patient-centered healthcare system. The 3Ps: Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Pathophysiology: Understanding Disease Mechanisms Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases alter normal body functions. Nurses who are well-versed in pathophysiology can better understand the mechanisms behind illnesses, allowing for earlier identification of potential complications and more accurate interventions (Park, 2021). For example, understanding insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes enables nurses to educate patients on lifestyle changes and monitor for complications like neuropathy or cardiovascular disease. In heart failure, pathophysiology helps nurses assess fluid retention and shortness of breath, providing the knowledge needed to optimize treatment and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacology: Safe Medication Administration Pharmacology is essential to nursing practice, as it equips nurses with the knowledge to administer medications safely and understand their effects on the body. Nurses must be familiar with drug classifications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential interactions to make informed decisions regarding patient care (Stolic et al., 2022). For example, in the case of depression, nurses monitor the effectiveness and side effects of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), while also addressing potential challenges like medication adherence (Thom et al., 2021). Pharmacology also supports holistic care by considering the patient’s psychological and social context. For example, when managing chronic pain, nurses need to ensure opioid medications are administered safely while minimizing the risk of dependency, all while addressing emotional and social aspects that may impact pain management. A comprehensive understanding of pharmacology allows nurses to tailor treatments that align with patients’ unique needs (Stolic et al., 2022). Physical Assessment: Essential for Accurate Diagnosis Physical assessment is a fundamental skill that enables nurses to gather critical data about a patient’s condition. Using methods such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, nurses can identify early warning signs of complications, detect abnormalities, and prioritize care. A thorough physical assessment looks at vital signs, neurological status, respiratory function, cardiovascular health, gastrointestinal function, and musculoskeletal health (Patiwael et al., 2021). For example, when caring for a patient with congestive heart failure, lung auscultation may reveal crackles indicating fluid retention, prompting timely interventions like diuretics or oxygen therapy. In post-operative patients, physical assessments help detect complications such as infections or deep vein thrombosis, ensuring that appropriate care strategies are implemented early to reduce risks and improve outcomes (Patiwael et al., 2021). Integrating the 3Ps in Clinical Practice The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment is critical for providing holistic care that improves patient outcomes. Consider a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in an acute care setting. The nurse’s understanding of pathophysiology helps them recognize airway narrowing and inflammation. Physical assessment allows for monitoring respiratory function, while pharmacological knowledge guides the safe use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy to optimize respiratory function (MacLeod et al., 2021). Similarly, in managing sepsis in an intensive care unit, pathophysiology knowledge helps nurses understand the systemic inflammatory responses that can lead to organ dysfunction. Physical assessments help monitor vital signs, urine output, and skin perfusion, while pharmacology provides the foundation for administering antibiotics and intravenous fluids. This integrated approach ensures timely interventions that can reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes (Thom et al., 2021). Conclusion: Advancing Holistic Nursing with the 3Ps The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment into holistic nursing care is essential for improving patient safety and outcomes. Nurses equipped with a deep understanding of these principles can offer more personalized care that addresses both physical and emotional needs. This holistic approach not only enhances patient well-being but also promotes a compassionate, evidence-based healthcare environment. Table: The Role of the 3Ps in Holistic Nursing Care Aspect Role in Nursing Clinical Example Pathophysiology Understanding disease mechanisms to guide care Diabetes: Educating patients on insulin resistance and monitoring complications (Park, 2021). Pharmacology Safe medication administration and monitoring effects Depression: Monitoring SSRIs for effectiveness and managing side effects (Thom et al., 2021). Physical Assessment Gathering patient data to guide interventions Heart failure: Detecting fluid overload through lung auscultation (Patiwael et al., 2021). References American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA). (2021). What we do. American Holistic Nurses Association. https://www.ahna.org/About-Us/What-is-Holistic-Nursing Lukovsky, J., McGrath, E., Sun, C., Frankl, D., & Beauchesne, M. A. (2020). A survey of hospice and palliative care nurses’ and holistic nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 23(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000000711 MacLeod, M., Papi, A., Contoli, M., Beghé, B., Celli, B. R., Wedzicha, J. A., & Fabbri, L. M. (2021). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 1

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 1 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date

Category: NURS-FPX4015