Category: NURS-FPX4015

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 6 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Hello, Ms. Jackson. My name is __, and I will be performing a comprehensive head-to-toe assessment today to evaluate your overall health. This assessment will provide us with valuable insights into your current health status, allowing us to develop a personalized care plan. If you experience any discomfort during the assessment, please let me know so we can pause. Let’s begin. Comprehensive and Professional Assessment As I observe you, I take note of your posture, facial expressions, and overall level of alertness. You appear slightly tense, with visible signs of fatigue. Now, I will assess your mental status, which is a critical aspect of your health. Ms. Jackson, I will ask you a few questions to evaluate your orientation and cognitive function. Can you please tell me your full name? Do you know today’s date and where we are currently? Thank you. Moving forward, I will assess your emotional state. Have you noticed any recent changes in your mood, difficulty sleeping, or feelings of sadness or anxiety? Your willingness to share this information is greatly appreciated, as mental health is just as important as physical health. We will work together to develop a supportive care plan. Next, I will conduct a neurological assessment. I will shine a light into your eyes to observe your pupils’ reaction. Your pupils react equally to light, which is a good sign. Now, please follow my finger with your eyes without moving your head. Your eye movements are smooth. I will gently tap below your knee to test your reflexes, and the response is normal. Let’s assess your grip strength—please squeeze my fingers as hard as you can. The strength is equal on both sides. Finally, I will check your coordination. Can you touch your nose with your finger and then reach out to touch my hand? Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Musculoskeletal Assessment Now, I will assess your cardiovascular health by listening to your heart sounds with my stethoscope. Please take a few deep breaths. Your heart sounds are clear, and your pulse is steady. Next, I will check your blood pressure; the reading is 145/90, which is slightly elevated. This may be influenced by factors such as stress or diet, and we can explore strategies to manage it. I will also assess your capillary refill by pressing on your fingertips, and your circulation appears normal. For the respiratory assessment, I will place my stethoscope on different areas of your chest and back to listen to your lungs. Please take a deep breath in and out. The lung sounds are normal, with no wheezing or crackling, which is a positive sign. Moving on, I will examine your abdomen by gently pressing on various areas. Please let me know if you experience any pain or discomfort. Your abdomen is soft, and there are no abnormal masses or tenderness. Your bowel sounds are normal. Next, I will evaluate your musculoskeletal and skin health. I will check your joint mobility by asking you to raise your arms and move them in a circular motion. That looks good. Now, let’s test your leg strength—please push against my hands with your feet. Your strength is equal on both sides. Your skin appears healthy, with no sores, rashes, or swelling. Additionally, I have checked your nails for any color changes or abnormalities, and everything appears normal. Discussion of Diagnosis and Findings Ms. Jackson, I have completed your head-to-toe assessment, and I would like to discuss my observations. Your symptoms of anxiety and depression appear to be contributing to your fatigue and may be affecting your focus, eating habits, and sleeping patterns. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2023), mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety can lead to poor sleep, restlessness, and frustration. Your vital signs show mild fluctuations, which may be linked to emotional distress. Additionally, I observed muscle tension, which is commonly associated with anxiety or chronic stress. You mentioned experiencing low moods, difficulty with motivation, and feeling overwhelmed, which align with symptoms of major depressive disorder (CDC, 2023). Furthermore, you expressed experiencing excessive worry and restlessness, which may indicate an anxiety component. It is important to recognize that mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are medical conditions that can be managed effectively, just like hypertension or diabetes. These findings will help us create a treatment plan aimed at improving your overall well-being. Do you have any questions about my findings? It is essential that you feel comfortable and informed about the next steps. Table: Comprehensive Head-to-Toe Assessment Findings Assessment Category Findings Comments Mental Status Oriented to name, date, and location. No cognitive impairment noted; emotional health concerns identified (depression, anxiety). Neurological Pupillary response normal, smooth eye movements, normal reflexes, strong grip, good coordination. No abnormalities detected. Cardiovascular Blood pressure: 145/90 (slightly elevated), clear heart sounds, steady pulse. Stress may be contributing to the elevated blood pressure. Respiratory Lungs clear, normal breath sounds, no wheezing or crackles. Respiratory function appears normal. Abdomen Soft, non-tender, no unusual masses, normal bowel sounds. No abnormalities detected. Musculoskeletal & Skin Joint mobility normal, equal leg strength, skin clear with no rashes or swelling. No significant findings. Understanding of Pharmacological Needs Based on our assessment, Ms. Jackson, your symptoms are consistent with depression and anxiety. If medication is considered as part of your treatment plan, I want to ensure you understand your options. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline and fluoxetine, are commonly prescribed for these conditions (Chu & Wadhwa, 2023). These medications help balance brain chemicals responsible for mood regulation. Another option is serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine, which are effective for both depression and anxiety. However, we must be mindful of your history of high blood pressure, as SNRIs can sometimes raise blood pressure (Calvi et al., 2021). These medications typically take several weeks to

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Caring for Special Populations Teaching Presentation Good day, everyone. My name is [Your Name], and today I will discuss the healthcare challenges faced by homeless or housing-insecure individuals. This presentation will also highlight culturally competent nursing strategies that can enhance health outcomes for this vulnerable population. Introduction to Housing-Insecure Individuals Housing insecurity refers to the lack of stable, adequate, and affordable housing, leading to risks such as eviction, overcrowding, and homelessness. Those experiencing housing insecurity often reside in temporary shelters, motels, or with family and friends due to financial constraints. Many frequently relocate or endure unsafe conditions, exacerbating chronic stress and negative health outcomes. People with disabilities, low-income families, and marginalized communities are disproportionately affected by housing insecurity, further intensifying socioeconomic disparities. According to the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC, 2023), approximately 11 million households, or one in four individuals, out of 44.1 million renters in the United States struggle with housing affordability. Financial hardship places many individuals at risk of losing their homes or being unable to afford rent, increasing their vulnerability to poor health outcomes. Healthcare Challenges for Housing-Insecure Individuals Individuals facing housing insecurity often delay seeking medical care due to cost, lack of insurance, and transportation barriers. They are at higher risk for chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases due to inadequate living conditions and limited access to nutritious food (Fitzpatrick & Willis, 2021). Additionally, mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are common due to financial stress and housing instability. The absence of stable housing contributes to poor medication adherence and frequent emergency department visits. Preventable hospitalizations and untreated medical conditions are widespread among this population. In 2019, the average cost of renting a home was $520 per month, but individuals with very low incomes could afford only $283 per month, creating a significant affordability gap (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2023). Addressing these healthcare disparities requires integrating Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) into care models. Community-based initiatives such as mobile health services, mental health counseling, and housing assistance can mitigate these challenges. Healthcare professionals should implement trauma-informed care to provide sensitive and effective treatment for housing-insecure individuals. Expanding Medicaid eligibility and strengthening social support networks can help bridge healthcare access gaps and improve outcomes (Willison et al., 2021). Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Culturally competent nursing care is crucial for addressing the health needs of housing-insecure individuals. Many individuals in this group prioritize basic survival over medical care, leading to untreated chronic conditions and delayed treatment for acute illnesses. Mobile health clinics that bring services directly to shelters and community centers can reduce transportation barriers and improve access to preventive care (Rennert et al., 2024). Housing-insecure individuals may distrust healthcare systems due to past negative experiences and perceived discrimination. As Hernandez et al. (2021) suggest, nurses should build trust through respectful, nonjudgmental communication and trauma-informed care. Cultural competence training enables providers to recognize and respect diverse backgrounds, improving patient engagement and treatment adherence. Financial instability and lack of identification documents prevent many individuals from accessing medical services. Nurses can support patients by connecting them with social workers and community resources that provide low-cost or free healthcare. Partnerships with local food pantries and housing agencies can help address SDOH, promoting long-term well-being (Garcia et al., 2024). By integrating culturally responsive strategies, nurses can reduce healthcare disparities and improve outcomes for housing-insecure populations. Table: Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Strategy Description Self-Reflection and Education Nurses should recognize their biases and understand how cultural values influence health beliefs and behaviors. Cultural Practices Recognition Healthcare providers should acknowledge alternative medicine, dietary restrictions, and spiritual traditions. Culturally Appropriate Communication Use interpreters, avoid medical jargon, and incorporate visual aids to bridge language barriers. Collective Decision-Making Involve family members and community leaders in care planning to align treatment with patients’ values. Addressing Socioeconomic Challenges Offer flexible appointment scheduling and use mobile health services to improve accessibility. Professional Development in Cultural Competence Continuous education helps nurses navigate complex healthcare interactions and reduce disparities. References Anthonj, C., Mingoti Poague, K. I. H., Fleming, L., & Stanglow, S. (2024). Invisible struggles: WASH insecurity and implications of extreme weather among urban homeless in high-income countries – A systematic scoping review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 255, 114285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114285 Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. (2024). Street team. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. https://www.bhchp.org/services/street-team/ Deering, M. (2024, May 3). Cultural competence in nursing. NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/ Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Willis, D. E. (2021). Homeless and hungry: Food insecurity in the land of plenty. Food Security, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x Garcia, C., Doran, K., & Kushel, M. (2024). Homelessness and health: Factors, evidence, innovations that work, and policy recommendations. Health Affairs, 43(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01049 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Hernandez, N. C., Leal, L. M. R., & Brito, M. J. M. (2021). Building culturally competent compassion in nurses caring for vulnerable populations. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 40(4), 089801012110627. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211062708 Miller, L. (2021). Statistics on veterans and substance abuse. Veteranaddiction.org. https://veteranaddiction.org/resources/veteran-statistics/ National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). A shortage of affordable homes. NLIHC. https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/gap/Gap-Report_2023.pdf Rennert, L., Gezer, F., Jayawardena, I., Howard, K. A., Bennett, K. J., Litwin, A. H., & Sease, K. K. (2024). Mobile health clinics for distribution of vaccinations to underserved communities during health emergencies: A COVID-19 case study. Public Health in Practice, 8, 100550–100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100550 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Grants for the benefit of homeless individuals (GBHI). SAMHSA.gov. https://www.samhsa.gov/communities/homelessness-programs-resources/grants/gbhi The Queens Nursing Institute. (2022). Homeless and inclusion health nursing case studies raising awareness and understanding of homeless and inclusion health nursing and demonstrating the value of this specialist role. The Queens Nursing Institute. https://qni.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/HIH-Case-Studies-2022.pdf Willison, C. E., Lillvis, D., Mauri, A., & Singer, P. M. (2021). Technically accessible, practically ineligible: The effects of Medicaid expansion implementation on chronic homelessness. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-9349142

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date The 3Ps and Mental Health Care: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition that ranks as the third leading cause of disease burden globally (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). The management of MDD often involves an integrated approach that addresses three primary factors: psychological, physiological, and pharmacological, collectively referred to as the 3Ps. These three dimensions provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex nature of MDD and guiding treatment strategies. A concept map, which visually organizes these components, plays a crucial role in enhancing clinical understanding and supporting evidence-based mental health care practices. Case Overview: Understanding Ivy Jackson’s Struggles with MDD Ivy Jackson, a 61-year-old woman, is presenting with classic symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder after experiencing a significant life stressor—her recent divorce. Symptoms such as persistent sadness, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and overall emotional distress align with the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These signs suggest a need for a holistic approach to care, which involves assessing her risk factors, diagnosing her condition, selecting the appropriate medication regimen, identifying potential complications, and implementing suitable nursing interventions. Mental Health Diagnosis: Exploring Ivy’s Symptoms and Background Ivy’s case is consistent with the DSM-5 definition of MDD, which is characterized by a prolonged low mood, a loss of interest in daily activities, cognitive disturbances, disrupted sleep patterns, and a noticeable decline in functional ability (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Ivy experiences chronic sadness, frequent crying episodes, and pervasive feelings of hopelessness following the abrupt end of her 38-year marriage. She also reports anhedonia, meaning she no longer enjoys activities that once brought her pleasure, including walking and socializing with her family. Furthermore, Ivy has lost 10 pounds due to a reduced appetite and is suffering from insomnia, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Though Ivy denies any suicidal thoughts, her social isolation and emotional distress heighten her risk for further complications. This necessitates close monitoring and intervention. Ivy’s depressive symptoms are influenced by multiple factors. The significant psychosocial stressor—her divorce—is a key trigger for her depressive episode. Her family history of depression, including her mother and brother, also suggests a genetic predisposition to the condition. Additionally, Ivy has a medical history of hypertension and has experienced depressive episodes in the past, especially during significant life transitions, such as when her youngest child left for college. Her non-adherence to medication is another critical risk factor. Ivy had been prescribed venlafaxine, a Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI), in the past but discontinued the medication due to withdrawal symptoms. This discontinuation is likely contributing to her current depressive relapse. Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment has been shown to be a significant factor in the recurrence of depression (Naudín et al., 2022). While Ivy’s condition is triggered by a clear stressor (her divorce), the persistence of her symptoms beyond the stressful event suggests MDD rather than situational depression. Situational depression tends to be short-lived and directly linked to external stressors, while MDD is associated with underlying biological factors, such as neurotransmitter imbalances and dysfunctions in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis (Remes, 2021). Given Ivy’s extended symptoms, history of depression, and the severity of her emotional distress, an MDD diagnosis is well-supported. Concept Map: Breaking Down Ivy Jackson’s MDD Care To better understand Ivy’s condition, a concept map provides a visual representation of the key factors involved in her MDD diagnosis and management. This map organizes the psychological, physiological, and pharmacological factors into a structured framework to guide care planning. Factors Psychological Physiological Pharmacological Risk Factors Divorce, family history of depression, social isolation Hypertension, past depressive episodes Discontinuation of venlafaxine, non-adherence to medications Signs & Symptoms Persistent sadness, crying, hopelessness, anhedonia Fatigue, weight loss, sleep disturbances, poor appetite Side effects of antidepressants, withdrawal symptoms Diagnostics DSM-5 Criteria for MDD Thyroid function tests, CBC, Vitamin D screening Past medication responses, adherence patterns Complications Chronic depression, social detachment, impaired decision-making Unregulated hypertension, nutritional deficiencies Relapse, medication non-adherence Nursing Interventions Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), social support Sleep hygiene, dietary counseling, physical activity Medication adherence support, side effect management Conclusion: Comprehensive Care for Ivy Jackson The case of Ivy Jackson underscores the critical importance of a structured and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing and managing Major Depressive Disorder. By using a concept map, healthcare providers can clearly identify and address the key factors involved in MDD, from psychological stressors to physiological and pharmacological concerns. A comprehensive care plan that integrates evidence-based strategies—such as psychological therapy, pharmacological treatment, and lifestyle modifications—will be essential to improving Ivy’s mental health, treatment adherence, and overall quality of life. References Bains, N., & Abdijadid, S. (2023, April 10). Major depressive disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/ Chand, S., & Arif, H. (2023). Depression. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/ Lieshout, R. J. V., Layton, H., Savoy, C. D., Haber, E., Feller, A., Biscaro, A., Bieling, P. J., & Ferro, M. A. (2022). Public health nurse-delivered group cognitive behavioural therapy for postpartum depression: A randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(6), 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221074426 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Naudín, M. A.-P., Abejón, E.-G., Gómez, F.-H., Lázaro, D.-F., & Álvarez, F. J. (2022). Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment and related factors in a region of Spain: A population-based registry study. Pharmaceutics, 14(12), 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122696 Remes, O. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature. Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Enhancing Holistic Nursing Care Through Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Holistic nursing care goes beyond just treating physical symptoms—it focuses on the entire person, addressing their body, mind, and spirit. Nurses who understand and integrate the principles of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment—collectively known as the “3Ps”—are able to offer more personalized, effective, and comprehensive care. This article examines the role of the 3Ps in holistic nursing, their impact on patient care, and how nurses can use this knowledge to improve patient outcomes. The Essence of Holistic Nursing Care Holistic nursing care is centered on treating the whole person, not just a set of symptoms or diseases. It combines conventional medical treatments with alternative therapies such as mindfulness, stress management, and therapeutic communication (American Holistic Nurses Association [AHNA], 2021). Nurses utilizing a holistic approach recognize that a patient’s physical, emotional, spiritual, and environmental factors are interconnected, and they focus on fostering healing in all of these areas. This approach has numerous benefits for both patients and nurses. For patients, it often leads to better health outcomes, increased satisfaction, and improved adherence to treatment plans. By addressing psychological and social factors, holistic care can reduce anxiety and enhance the recovery process. Nurses, on the other hand, experience higher job satisfaction, deeper patient connections, and lower burnout rates, which collectively enhance clinical decision-making and patient advocacy (Lukovsky et al., 2020). Holistic care is therefore a critical component of a patient-centered healthcare system. The 3Ps: Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Pathophysiology: Understanding Disease Mechanisms Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases alter normal body functions. Nurses who are well-versed in pathophysiology can better understand the mechanisms behind illnesses, allowing for earlier identification of potential complications and more accurate interventions (Park, 2021). For example, understanding insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes enables nurses to educate patients on lifestyle changes and monitor for complications like neuropathy or cardiovascular disease. In heart failure, pathophysiology helps nurses assess fluid retention and shortness of breath, providing the knowledge needed to optimize treatment and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacology: Safe Medication Administration Pharmacology is essential to nursing practice, as it equips nurses with the knowledge to administer medications safely and understand their effects on the body. Nurses must be familiar with drug classifications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential interactions to make informed decisions regarding patient care (Stolic et al., 2022). For example, in the case of depression, nurses monitor the effectiveness and side effects of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), while also addressing potential challenges like medication adherence (Thom et al., 2021). Pharmacology also supports holistic care by considering the patient’s psychological and social context. For example, when managing chronic pain, nurses need to ensure opioid medications are administered safely while minimizing the risk of dependency, all while addressing emotional and social aspects that may impact pain management. A comprehensive understanding of pharmacology allows nurses to tailor treatments that align with patients’ unique needs (Stolic et al., 2022). Physical Assessment: Essential for Accurate Diagnosis Physical assessment is a fundamental skill that enables nurses to gather critical data about a patient’s condition. Using methods such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, nurses can identify early warning signs of complications, detect abnormalities, and prioritize care. A thorough physical assessment looks at vital signs, neurological status, respiratory function, cardiovascular health, gastrointestinal function, and musculoskeletal health (Patiwael et al., 2021). For example, when caring for a patient with congestive heart failure, lung auscultation may reveal crackles indicating fluid retention, prompting timely interventions like diuretics or oxygen therapy. In post-operative patients, physical assessments help detect complications such as infections or deep vein thrombosis, ensuring that appropriate care strategies are implemented early to reduce risks and improve outcomes (Patiwael et al., 2021). Integrating the 3Ps in Clinical Practice The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment is critical for providing holistic care that improves patient outcomes. Consider a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in an acute care setting. The nurse’s understanding of pathophysiology helps them recognize airway narrowing and inflammation. Physical assessment allows for monitoring respiratory function, while pharmacological knowledge guides the safe use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy to optimize respiratory function (MacLeod et al., 2021). Similarly, in managing sepsis in an intensive care unit, pathophysiology knowledge helps nurses understand the systemic inflammatory responses that can lead to organ dysfunction. Physical assessments help monitor vital signs, urine output, and skin perfusion, while pharmacology provides the foundation for administering antibiotics and intravenous fluids. This integrated approach ensures timely interventions that can reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes (Thom et al., 2021). Conclusion: Advancing Holistic Nursing with the 3Ps The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment into holistic nursing care is essential for improving patient safety and outcomes. Nurses equipped with a deep understanding of these principles can offer more personalized care that addresses both physical and emotional needs. This holistic approach not only enhances patient well-being but also promotes a compassionate, evidence-based healthcare environment. Table: The Role of the 3Ps in Holistic Nursing Care Aspect Role in Nursing Clinical Example Pathophysiology Understanding disease mechanisms to guide care Diabetes: Educating patients on insulin resistance and monitoring complications (Park, 2021). Pharmacology Safe medication administration and monitoring effects Depression: Monitoring SSRIs for effectiveness and managing side effects (Thom et al., 2021). Physical Assessment Gathering patient data to guide interventions Heart failure: Detecting fluid overload through lung auscultation (Patiwael et al., 2021). References American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA). (2021). What we do. American Holistic Nurses Association. https://www.ahna.org/About-Us/What-is-Holistic-Nursing Lukovsky, J., McGrath, E., Sun, C., Frankl, D., & Beauchesne, M. A. (2020). A survey of hospice and palliative care nurses’ and holistic nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 23(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000000711 MacLeod, M., Papi, A., Contoli, M., Beghé, B., Celli, B. R., Wedzicha, J. A., & Fabbri, L. M. (2021). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 1 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date