Category: NURS-FPX8014

NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 3 Leading Global Health Strategic Planning and Policy Development notes Name Capella university NURS FPX 8014 Global Population Health Prof. Name Date Leading Global Health Strategic Planning and Policy Development Hello, greeting everyone. I am____, and today I am here to present a life-threatening global health concern: Malaria. I have decided to attend the meeting with a professional organization in the US community to share the profoundly affected Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with over 290 million cases and 608k deaths globally in 2022 (WHO, 2023). It has significantly impacted individual health, community well-being and economic development. My presentation will focus on strategies and policies to address the crisis, leveraging historical successes and innovative approaches. Several initiatives have been pivotal in addressing the situation, especially by The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Fund. By choosing exercise A, I attended a meeting of a professional organization within the community, specifically the local chapter of the American Nurses Association (ANA). Presenting at this meeting allows for direct interaction with nursing professionals who are at the forefront of healthcare delivery and advocacy. My objective is to develop and present comprehensive strategies, policies, and sustainable resource advocacy after extensive research on the topic and affected populations. This presentation will highlight the urgency of the malaria crisis, outline actionable solutions, and emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive approaches. By engaging stakeholders, the  aim is to drive impactful changes and foster collaborative efforts to reduce malaria prevalence and improve health outcomes in the most affected regions. Culturally Sensitive Strategies and Potential Policies Being a nurse encourages helps understand the cultural aspect of effective healthcare delivery. Malaria has impacted the SSA region excessively, and one of the reasons it is still an epidemic is their cultural beliefs and values. For that, culturally sensitive interventions are vital in addressing this issue, as malaria is beyond the biomedical concern. It involves the social and cultural factors. This part of the paper proposes and evaluates culturally sensitive interventions to address malaria through awareness campaigns, community-based interventions, increased access to medications, and maternal and child health initiatives.  Culturally Sensitive Awareness Campaigns These programs are essential to address malaria in SSA because many communities rely on traditional interventions (such as herbal remedies) due to deep-rooted cultural norms and limited access to healthcare. There are also misconceptions about malaria, for instance, relating it to witchcraft or supernatural forces. This deters people from seeking medical care (Orok et al., 2021). The indigenous population and low-income communities require support which must be provided through provision of educational and medical resources.For that reason, educational/awareness campaigns need to be designed to respect and integrate traditional beliefs while providing information regarding malaria prevention and treatment. Programs should include culturally appropriate messaging and involve women, who are often primary caregivers and crucial in the education process (Aremu et al., 2022). Community-Based Interventions The interventions can effectively address malaria by aligning with cultural beliefs and practices. Involving community leaders would be effective in efforts to increase acceptance and integration of modern practices. The community-based interventions should mainly focus on vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. Community health workers can pay home visits and work with local leaders to promote insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), modern treatments, and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) (Awasthi et al., 2024). Integrated Vector Management (IVM) policy advocates for a comprehensive approach to vector control combining various strategies mentioned. This approach helps build trust and ensures that preventive measures and treatments are culturally acceptable. A prominent awareness campaign is “Zero Malaria Starts with Me”, which allows the SSA community to address the disease with knowledge and adequate resources available. It mobilizes resources and keeps malaria elimination a political agenda (Sarpong et al., 2022). Increase Affordability of Medication and Treatment The SSA’s 25% of income is used to treat malaria, which discourages the population from seeking care for its prevention. Unaffordability is a huge concern and a barrier to malaria prevention (Haileselassie et al., 2023). Policies that encourage affordable supplies, including artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), can improve early detection and effective treatment. Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP) is an approach to pilot test to see the effectivness of vaccines like RTS,S. Further, international funding initiatives can help subsidize costs and ensure a steady supply, especially for women and children.  Maternal and Child Health Specific interventions for maternal and child health are essential to reducing mortality and morbidity rates among the vulnerable population of SSA. For instance, Antenatal care should offer insecticide-treated bed nets and intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women. Child health services should focus on early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria in children under five (Park et al., 2020). Case Management Guidelines by WHO provides detailed guidelines on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), appropriate antimalarial medications, and the management of severe malaria. Areas for Better Preparation of Strategies To improve the preparation for presenting culturally sensitive malaria strategies, deeper insights into local cultural beliefs and practices are needed. For example, understanding regional variations in traditional treatments and misconceptions about malaria could help tailor education programs more precisely. Incorporating systematic feedback from community members and leaders involved in the interventions could provide real-time insights into the effectiveness and acceptability of the strategies (Finda et al., 2020). Moreover, assessing local resources such as personnel and logistics, infrastructure including healthcare facilities, and the economic impact of interventions will help address feasibility and sustainability. It will help ensure that strategies are practical and well-integrated into existing healthcare systems (Finda et al., 2020). Sustainable Resources and Policy Development Addressing malaria in SSA requires a multifaceted approach that emphasizes the importance of sustainable resources and robust policy development. Advocating for policies that promote sustainable resource allocation and systematic improvements is crucial for achieving long-term success in malaria control. The purpose aligns well with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 3, which advocates for healthy lives and the well-being of people of all ages (RBM partnership, 2020). First, investing in sustainable resource allocation is critical

NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 2 Global Issue Problem Name Capella university NURS FPX 8014 Global Population Health Prof. Name Date Global Issue Problem Description Malaria is a life-threatening public health issue transmitted by infected mosquitoes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of individuals are impacted by the disease globally, and the African region is substantially influenced (WHO, 2023a). This assessment recognizes the prevalence, affected population, and strategies that are traditionally used to mitigate the global burden, followed by an educational resource/project proposal for a community health officer in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region.  Description of the Problem Global Public Health Issue and Epidemiological Data  Analyzing the data from reputable sources, it is recognized that malaria is a significantly pervasive problem worldwide and in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Universally, in the year 2022, approximately 249 million individuals reported malaria encounters, resulting in 608,000 deaths (WHO, 2023a). This high prevalence underscores the persistent burden of malaria worldwide despite ongoing global efforts to combat the disease. The disease also imposes a substantial economic burden; $ 4.3 billion has been spent by governments and individuals worldwide (Andrade et al., 2022).  The scope of the disease in SSA is vast, affecting various dimensions of health and socioeconomic development. Malaria leads to severe morbidity and deaths, particularly among children (less than 5 years old). In 2022, Africa had approximately 94% of all malaria cases, and the disease-related mortality rate was 95%. There were 78% malaria deaths among children below five years in SSA (WHO, 2023a). Nations and populations disproportionately affected include Nigeria (26.8%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12.3%), Uganda (5.1%), and Mozambique (4.2%) (WHO, 2023a).  NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 2 Global Issue Problem Within these areas, vulnerable populations include children under five, pregnant women, and people living in rural and impoverished regions (WHO, n.d.). These groups are at a higher risk due to limited access to healthcare, inadequate housing conditions that favor mosquito breeding, and lower immunity levels. Significant inequities in malaria incidence and outcomes exist across different countries and regions. SSA, despite bearing the significant malaria burden, often has the least resources to combat the disease effectively. These nations face substantial challenges in malaria control and elimination due to factors such as political instability, limited healthcare facilities, and minimal financial resources for vaccine production and distribution in the region (Oladipo et al., 2022). Thus, research prioritizes political and economic investments by the region’s government and policymakers to control disease burden and prevent individual lives. Continued efforts are essential to address the impact of disease on population health.  Analysis of the Global Health Issue  Malaria, as a public health issue, has multifaced impacts on individuals, communities, and populations around the world, particularly in sub-Saharan African regions.  Impact on Individuals Malaria has a profound effect on individuals, particularly in high-burden areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa. For infected individuals, malaria causes a range of signs and symptoms, including high-graded temperature, chills, and head and musculoskeletal pain (Bamikole, 2024). Children below five years old and expecting women are especially at high risk, with children experiencing augmented mortality rates and pregnant women facing pregnancy-related complications. They may transmit the disease to the fetus, risking maternal and neonatal lives (Bamikole, 2024). Therefore, poor physical outcomes, the financial burden of treatment, and lost productivity due to illness significantly affect individuals’ quality of life.  Impact on Communities At the community level, the high prevalence of malaria strains local healthcare systems, leading to poor healthcare services within the communities. Additionally, the economic impact of the disease is substantial, where communities face direct costs for medical care and indirect costs due to poverty (Andrade et al., 2022). Among children, school absenteeism due to malaria is common, affecting educational outcomes and future economic prospects. Halliday et al. (2020) mention that malaria is estimated to result in 5% and 8% of preventable school absenteeism among African children. Lastly, communities also experience social disruption, as frequent illnesses and deaths weaken social bonds and disrupt community cohesion.  Impact on Populations Populations in malaria-endemic regions experience widespread and persistent health challenges that impede broader socioeconomic development. According to Andrade et al. (2022), countries with high malaria prevalence can see reductions in their GDP growth rates by up to 1.3% annually. This economic strain perpetuates cycles of poverty as affected populations struggle to break free from the financial constraints imposed by frequent malaria outbreaks. It hinders economic growth by reducing the workforce’s productivity and increasing healthcare costs. Additionally, high morbidity and mortality rates strain national resources and international aid, requiring significant investment in public health infrastructure and preventive measures to control the disease. Social and Political Ramifications  If malaria remains unaddressed, it could have severe social and political consequences, particularly in high-burden areas like Sub-Saharan Africa. Socially, the persistent high morbidity and mortality rates will strain individuals and communities, aggravating economic challenges and reducing overall quality of life (Andrade et al., 2022). Academic disruptions for children due to illness will hinder human capital development, limiting future economic growth. On the other hand, politically, governments may face increased pressure to address the health crisis, potentially leading to social unrest if they fail to deliver effective solutions (Oladipo et al., 2022). The financial implications of malaria could divert resources from other critical areas, further destabilizing already fragile economies. Additionally, ongoing health crises could undermine public trust in government institutions and international organizations, potentially leading to political instability and weakened governance. Addressing malaria is thus crucial not only for health outcomes but also for maintaining social cohesion and political stability. Social Determinants That Impact the Problem  The population most affected by malaria primarily resides in SSA (94%) ((WHO, 2023a). Rural populations are particularly affected due to poor living conditions and higher exposure to mosquito vectors. Several Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), such as poverty, lack of education, and limited healthcare accessibility, exacerbate the risk, trapping these communities in a cycle of disease and deprivation.  Poverty limits access to preventive solutions like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and timely medical treatment. According

NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 1 Nongovernmental Agencies Involved in Global Issues Name Capella university NURS FPX 8014 Global Population Health Prof. Name Date Non-governmental Agencies Involved in Global Issues Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease, remains a critical global health challenge, impacting millions (249) and causing 608 thousand deaths as of the year 2022, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO, 2023). Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been pivotal in combating this disease, employing diverse strategies to mitigate its spread and impact. This paper will delve into the distinction between NGOs and government-sponsored programs in addressing malaria. Several organizations have put efforts to address malaria, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (The Global Fund, 2024b). Differences between NGOs and Government-Sponsored Programs Public Health NGOs and governmental public health organizations both play crucial roles in addressing global health issues but operate differently in terms of structure, funding, and approach. Public health NGOs are independent entities that are non-profit and operate without direct control from any government. They receive funding from a variety of sources, including donations, grants, and private sector contributions. NGOs typically focus on specific health issues, working at the grassroots level to implement programs and interventions. They can often act more quickly and flexibly than governmental bodies due to less bureaucratic oversight (Besançon et al., 2022). Governmental public health organizations are state-funded responsible for public health policies and programs within a country or at an international level. They are typically funded through taxpayer money and are potentially subject to political influence and policy changes. Governmental organizations have broader mandates, including regulatory functions, research, and large-scale public health campaigns (Perry, 2023). The Global Fund is a partnership organization with an aim to end three particular diseases including Malaria, established in 2002. The Global Fund has raised over $ 50 billion since its inception. For the 2021-2023 funding cycle, it aimed to raise $14 billion. Current data shows that the organization has spent US$17.9 billion (65%) of its funding on the malaria program (The Global Fund, 2024a). These funds are used for insecticide-treated nets, medications, diagnostic testing, and strengthening health systems in affected areas. NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 1 Nongovernmental Agencies Involved in Global Issues The Global Fund operates in over 100 countries, with significant malaria interventions in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America (The Global Fund, 2024a). The stakeholders for the organizations include donor governments, private sector partners, civil society organizations, and affected communities. Members join through a formal application review process, ensuring a wide representation from various sectors. The advantages of the NGO are that it is flexible, has targeted interventions, and has the ability to quickly mobilize resources. The Global Fund collaborates closely with local organizations to implement programs effectively. However, it faces challenges as it depends on donor funding, variability in annual contributions, and the need to maintain transparency and accountability (The Global Fund, 2024a).  It was founded in 1948, and it is an agency of the United Nations accountable for global public health. The WHO’s biennial budget for 2022-2023 was approximately $5.84 billion, funded through assessed contributions from member states and voluntary contributions (WHO, 2022). Current data shows that WHO’s Global Malaria Programme oversees the implementation of the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030, with the purpose of reducing malaria incidence and death rates by 90% by 2023 (WHO, 2021b). WHO operates globally, with six regional offices and 194 member states. The stakeholders include member states, international health bodies, and partner organizations. Membership is composed of UN member countries, which influence policies and finding allocations through the World Health Assembly. The advantage of it is that, it has extensive reach, an authoritative voice in global health, and the ability to coordinate large-scale international health efforts and set global health standards. However, they face challenges due to bureaucratic processes, political influences, and slower response time due to the need for consensus among member states (WHO, 2022a).   Public Health NGOs and Governmental Public Health Organizations There are several benefits for NGOs, like The Global Fund, over government-sponsored programs. First, public health NGOs like the Global Fund are more agile and flexible than government-sponsored ones (Rajabi et al., 2023). For instance, The Global Fund has been able to distribute insecticide-treated nets (55% coverage) swiftly and antimalarial medications in response to malaria outbreaks. Government organizations such as the WHO often need faster decision-making, which delays the implementation of urgent health initiatives. The reasons are the need for consensus among state members and adherence to complex regulations (Scott & Gong, 2021). Another benefit of NGOs over government organizations is targeted interventions. NGOs typically focus on specific health issues (malaria) and regions, allowing them to tailor their programs, but government bodies generally have broader mandates, which dilutes their focus based on areas (Afzal & Nasir, 2023). For instance, the Global Fund’s malaria programs are customized based on the local epidemiology and healthcare infrastructure, while WHO sets global standards and policies, not focusing on interventions needed at the community level. Lastly, NGOs provide the benefit of closely working with local communities, building trust, and fostering community involvement (Sanadgol et al., 2021). This approach enhances the effectiveness of interventions and makes programs culturally appropriate. The Global Fund (NGO) collaborates with local partners to ensure that malaria prevention and treatments are community-driven. However, WHO’s top-down approach only sometimes resonates with local populations as effectively (Bulthuis et al., 2020). NURS FPX 8014 Assessment 1 Nongovernmental Agencies Involved in Global Issues The comparative summary between the two bodies, The Global Fund (NGO) and WHO (Governmental Public Health), provides specific takeaways, particularly in funding and engagement. For instance, NGOs like The Global Fund rely on voluntary donations and grants, giving flexibility but also uncertainty of the financing. They often conduct fundraising campaigns, apply for grants, and partner with private sector entities to secure funding (The Global Fund, 2024b). WHO is funded by member state contributions, ensuring a more stable financial base but with potential political influence. Regarding distribution, NGOs can rapidly implement targeted interventions by distributing