Category: NURS-FPX4045

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology Prof. Name Date

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators Name Capella university NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology Prof. Name Date Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators The National Database of Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators (NDNQI), initiated by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1998, serves as a vital framework for measuring nursing contributions to patient care quality and safety. These indicators include structural, process, and outcome categories. Structural indicators refer to aspects like staffing ratios and nurse education levels. Process indicators track the implementation of interventions, such as fall prevention protocols. Outcome indicators evaluate the impact of nursing care, for example, the frequency of patient falls or pressure ulcers. Patient falls with injury represent a crucial metric in acute care settings, reflecting the quality of safety practices. Acute hospitals cater to diverse patient needs, making fall prevention critical. Falls act as both process and outcome indicators; even minor falls expose system vulnerabilities and improvement areas. By investigating these incidents, nurses and teams can address root causes and strengthen prevention programs to reduce high-risk occurrences. The consequences of falls go beyond physical harm, leading to increased healthcare costs and workflow disruptions. Studies reveal that hospital-based falls are among the most common preventable incidents, costing from \$352 to \$13,617 per patient (Dykes et al., 2023). Effective fall prevention, through interventions such as assistive devices and staff education, not only enhances patient safety but also reduces length of stay and resource utilization. Consequently, addressing patient falls is both a quality and financial imperative. Data Collection, Reporting, and Interdisciplinary Collaboration Falls with injury impact regulatory compliance and institutional reputation. Organizations like The Joint Commission and CMS factor fall rates into accreditation and reimbursement processes. Therefore, facilities must constantly improve fall prevention strategies. Nurses are on the frontline of these efforts. Their responsibilities include assessing patient risk, applying preventive protocols, and documenting incidents comprehensively. Evidence-based practices, supported by accurate reporting, help teams develop and refine strategies. New nurses must understand Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators (NSQIs) and their importance in maintaining safety standards. Knowledge of fall prevention empowers them to apply best practices and collaborate effectively. Tools like the Morse Fall Scale help in evaluating risk, while electronic health records (EHRs) ensure complete documentation. Bedside reports, safety briefings, and incident tracking systems allow staff to respond promptly and monitor trends over time. Interdisciplinary teamwork enhances these efforts. Nurses, risk managers, physical therapists, and administrators work together using EHRs, direct assessments, and incident reviews. This approach enables better policy development and resource allocation. It creates a safety culture where fall prevention becomes integral to daily practice. Sharing findings with governing bodies and using digital dashboards for benchmarking further supports institutional performance and accountability. Technology, Evidence-Based Practice, and Administration’s Role Administrative support is essential for optimizing fall prevention initiatives. Hospital leadership can drive performance improvements by using data from NSQIs to shape policy and training. This includes employing safety technologies such as bed alarms, lighting adjustments, and fall alert systems. Data from incident reports and digital dashboards inform leadership of progress, enabling comparison with national benchmarks. NSQIs also facilitate Evidence-Based Practice (EBP), ensuring consistency and quality. Innovations like wearable monitors and sensor-based detection systems allow for real-time responses to potential falls. EHR integration offers clinical decision support alerts, while environmental adjustments such as impact-absorbing flooring reduce injury severity. Early risk identification through stratification tools ensures targeted care within the first 24 hours of admission (Satoh et al., 2022). When nurses use NSQIs and data-driven insights, they can proactively tailor interventions, increasing patient satisfaction and outcomes. Predictive analytics and early alerts enhance fall prevention strategies. This structured, technology-supported approach strengthens safety and aligns with regulatory expectations. Ultimately, the integration of NSQIs with EBP and administrative leadership establishes a framework for continuous quality improvement. Table: Overview of NSQI Concepts and Practices Aspect Details Significance Indicator Types Structural (staffing), Process (protocols), Outcome (fall rates) Helps standardize nursing assessment and evaluate care effectiveness Fall Prevention Interventions Bed alarms, assistive devices, environmental changes, patient education Reduce injury risks, improve patient outcomes, and lower costs Reporting Tools & Methods EHRs, Morse Fall Scale, STRATIFY, incident tracking, safety briefings Enable consistent and detailed data capture for accurate trend analysis Multidisciplinary Involvement Nurses, QI experts, risk managers, therapists, administrators Ensures thorough data review, resource allocation, and evidence-based response Technological Integration Sensor-based systems, clinical alerts, real-time dashboards, predictive analytics Facilitates timely response and improves fall prevention strategies Organizational Impact Improved safety metrics, compliance with CMS/Joint Commission, reduced liability Strengthens institutional reputation, lowers costs, and sustains regulatory accreditation References Alanazi, F. K., Sim, J., & Lapkin, S. (2021). Systematic review: Nurses’ safety attitudes and their impact on patient outcomes in acute‐care hospitals. Nursing Open, 9(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1063 Alshammari, S. M. K., Aldabbagh, H. A., Anazi, G. H. A., Bukhari, A. M., Mahmoud, M. A. S., & Mostafa, W. S. E. M. (2023). Establishing standardized Nursing Quality Sensitive Indicators. Open Journal of Nursing, 13(8), 551–582. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2023.138037 Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators Basic, D., Huynh, E. T., Gonzales, R., & Shanley, C. G. (2021). Twice‐weekly structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds and falls among older adult inpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(3), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17007 Dykes, P. C., Bowen, M. C., Lipsitz, S., Franz, C., Adelman, J., Adkison, L., … & Bates, D. W. (2023). Cost of inpatient falls and cost-benefit analysis of implementation of an evidence-based fall prevention program. JAMA Health Forum, 4(1), e225125. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.5125 Ghosh, M., O’Connell, B., Yamoah, E., Kitchen, S., & Coventry, L. (2022). A retrospective cohort study of factors associated with severity of falls in hospital patients. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16403-z Gormley, E., Connolly, M., & Ryder, M. (2024). The development of nursing-sensitive indicators: A critical discussion. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 7(7), 100227–100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100227 Hassan, Ch. A. U., Karim, F. K., Abbas, A., Iqbal, J., Elmannai, H., Hussain, S., Ullah, S. S., & Khan, M. S. (2023). A cost-effective fall-detection framework for the elderly using sensor-based technologies. Sustainability, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054489 O’Connor, M., Norman, K., Jones, T., & Johnston, K. (2022). Smart flooring and wearable sensors for fall prevention in hospitals. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 130, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104082 Informatics

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 3 Technology in Nursing Name Capella university NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology Prof. Name Date Technology in Nursing Introduction to the Selected Technology Topic Telehealth videoconferencing systems were chosen for this analysis due to their ability to expand patient access to healthcare, improve clinical outcomes, and ensure patient safety. This technology has gained prominence in response to the growing need for remote healthcare, especially in rural and underserved areas. By reducing barriers such as geographical distance, videoconferencing supports timely medical interventions and reinforces patient-centered care delivery models. What makes this technology particularly compelling is its facilitation of real-time interactions between patients and healthcare providers, thereby enhancing continuity of care and reducing preventable hospital readmissions. In researching this topic, databases including PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect were utilized. Keywords such as “telehealth videoconferencing in nursing,” “videoconferencing system and patient safety,” and “telehealth technology in quality care” were used to locate peer-reviewed articles emphasizing its significance in nursing practice and interdisciplinary settings. Summary of Annotated Literature The table below summarizes the main findings from five peer-reviewed studies related to telehealth videoconferencing and its impact on nursing practice. Study Key Findings Implications for Nursing Practice Ådnanes et al. (2024) Videoconferencing improved access to mental health services for children in welfare systems; boosted functioning but raised concerns over rapport-building. Nurses working with vulnerable populations can use VC to promote timely care and communication, but must address the limitations in therapeutic relationships. Cubo et al. (2021) Reviewed 26 videoconferencing tools; emphasized benefits for neurological care but flagged cybersecurity risks. Nurses must select secure platforms that comply with regulations to ensure data protection and support remote patient management. Newbould et al. (2021) Explored sustainability of VC in care homes; success tied to leadership, training, and organizational culture. Nurses benefit from enhanced care coordination and specialist input, especially in long-term care settings, when implementation is backed by leadership. Payne & Clarke (2023) Video consultations are effective for urgent primary care triage and foster patient trust. Supports remote triage, timely referrals, and visual assessments; nurses can use it to improve care delivery and patient engagement. Tenfelde et al. (2023) Patient satisfaction with VC linked to communication quality and minimal technical issues. Nurses should focus on building strong communication skills and ensure reliable technology use to improve satisfaction and health outcomes. Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Summary Recommendations Artificial Intelligence (AI) serves as a powerful complement to videoconferencing in healthcare. AI-driven tools enhance nursing workflows by improving triage, supporting personalized care plans, and enabling predictive analytics to detect early health deterioration. Features like AI-generated real-time captions increase accessibility for patients with hearing impairments, while chatbots offer support for medication guidance and general health inquiries, thereby reducing the routine workload of nurses (Burrell, 2023). According to Tenfelde et al. (2023), successful implementation of video consultations hinges on minimizing technical disruptions and maximizing effective communication between patients and providers. AI technologies can enhance these dimensions by optimizing video quality, automating technical troubleshooting, and facilitating patient engagement. These advancements not only improve patient outcomes but also increase provider satisfaction and system efficiency. The collected literature underscores videoconferencing’s potential to transform healthcare delivery through better access, safety, and interdisciplinary collaboration. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks (Cubo et al., 2021) and the potential loss of in-person rapport must be addressed through thoughtful implementation. Key enablers for success include leadership support, ongoing staff training, and robust technical infrastructure (Payne & Clarke, 2023). When combined with AI innovations, videoconferencing becomes a critical tool in delivering effective, efficient, and equitable healthcare. References Ådnanes, M., Kaasbøll, J., Kaspersen, S. L., & Krane, V. (2024). Videoconferencing in mental health services for children and adolescents receiving child welfare services: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11157-y Burrell, D. N. (2023). Dynamic evaluation approaches to telehealth technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) telemedicine applications in healthcare and biotechnology organizations. Merits, 3(4), 700–721. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3040042 NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 3 Technology in Nursing Cubo, E., Arnaiz-Rodriguez, A., Arnaiz-González, Á., Díez-Pastor, J.-F., Spindler, M., Cardozo, A., Garcia-Bustillo, A., Mari, Z., & Bloem, B. R. (2021). Videoconferencing software options for telemedicine: A review for movement disorder neurologists. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.745917 Newbould, L., Ariss, S., Mountain, G., & Hawley, M. S. (2021). Exploring factors that affect the uptake and sustainability of videoconferencing for healthcare provision for older adults in care homes: A realist evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01372-y Payne, R., & Clarke, A. (2023). How and why are video consultations used in urgent primary care settings in the UK? A focus group study. BJGP Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0025 Tenfelde, K., Bol, N., Schoonman, G., Erik, J., & Antheunis, M. L. (2023). Exploring the impact of patient, physician and technology factors on patient video consultation satisfaction. Digital Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231203887 NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 3 Technology in Nursing

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 2 Protected Health Information Name Capella university NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology Prof. Name Date Protected Health Information Understanding Protected Health Information (PHI) and HIPAA Guidelines Protected Health Information (PHI) refers to any patient-specific data that can identify an individual and relates to their healthcare services, treatments, or payment records. This includes details such as names, contact information, birth dates, diagnostic assessments, prescribed medications, treatment plans, insurance, and billing information (Pool et al., 2024). Managing PHI responsibly, especially during telehealth services, is fundamental to maintaining patient trust and adhering to HIPAA standards. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) plays a critical role in ensuring the confidentiality, security, and accessibility of PHI in the United States (Lindsey et al., 2025). It prohibits the disclosure of PHI without patient consent, granting individuals the right to access and control their medical information. HIPAA is especially important in the digital age, as telehealth introduces new vulnerabilities. Key components include: Security Rule: Mandates protection against unauthorized access to electronic health information (EHI). Privacy Rule: Restricts sharing of PHI without appropriate consent. Confidentiality Rule: Ensures that data exchange during care processes remains secure. For example, using unencrypted platforms for telehealth can lead to hacking risks. Likewise, discussing patient data in public spaces may result in unauthorized exposure (Alder, 2025). Role of Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Social Media Misuse Interdisciplinary collaboration is vital for safeguarding EHI, especially in telehealth. Professionals from various sectors—clinical, administrative, security, and IT—must work together to ensure robust data protection. Clinical staff engage in cybersecurity training to apply secure practices like encryption and password management. Administrators develop safety policies and allocate resources, while IT experts implement advanced tools such as firewalls and encryption systems. Institutions like the Cleveland Clinic have implemented such holistic strategies to uphold patient confidentiality (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). Unfortunately, social media misuse continues to be a serious breach point. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, must refrain from posting patient-related content online. Violations can lead to severe consequences including job termination, license revocation, financial penalties, and legal action. Notable incidents include: A nursing assistant terminated for sharing a Snapchat video of an Alzheimer’s patient (Moore & Frye, 2020). An oral surgeon fined \$10,000 for sharing PHI on a public review platform. Organizations fined for broad PHI exposure—such as Green Ridge Behavioral Healthcare being penalized for disclosing data of over 14,000 patients (Alder, 2025). These incidents highlight the importance of maintaining professional boundaries and respecting patient privacy in all communications, including on social platforms. Practices and Strategies for Securing PHI To protect PHI, especially during telehealth interactions, organizations should implement a range of security-focused strategies: Use Robust Security Systems: Employing secure platforms with SSL encryption safeguards patient information. The Mayo Clinic utilizes such systems to maintain secure data transmission (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Conduct Safety Audits: Regular evaluations and feedback from stakeholders help ensure continuous HIPAA compliance. MGH, for instance, performs internal audits to ensure patient privacy (MGH, n.d.). Cybersecurity Training: Educating healthcare staff on data safety principles helps reduce breaches during digital communication. Additional social media-specific strategies include: Instituting strict policies prohibiting PHI sharing or discussing work online. Using encrypted communication channels for all patient-related dialogue. Establishing a clear reporting protocol for suspected breaches to minimize exposure and facilitate rapid responses. Together, these measures help create a culture of privacy and accountability in healthcare settings. Summary Table Category Key Details Examples/Implications Protected Health Information (PHI) Patient-identifiable data including treatments, diagnostics, and insurance Requires secure handling during telehealth sessions (Pool et al., 2024) HIPAA Components Security Rule, Privacy Rule, Confidentiality Rule Prevents unauthorized access or sharing of PHI (Lindsey et al., 2025; Alder, 2025) Interdisciplinary Collaboration Involves clinicians, administrators, security, and IT Cleveland Clinic uses team-based privacy approaches (Cleveland Clinic, 2023) Social Media Violations PHI posted online can lead to penalties, termination, jail Nurses, surgeons, and institutions have faced legal actions (Moore & Frye, 2020) Prevention Practices Encryption, audits, cybersecurity workshops Mayo Clinic uses SSL; MGH performs privacy audits (Mayo Clinic, 2024; MGH, n.d.) Social Media Guidelines Avoid posting or discussing patient info online; report breaches Strict internal policies reduce exposure and disciplinary risks (Alder, 2025) References Alder, S. (2023). HIPAA and social media rules – Updated for 2023. The HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-social-media/ Alder, S. (2023). HIPAA privacy rule – updated for 2023. The HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-privacy-rule/ Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Holistic, multidisciplinary approach protects patient data and privacy. ClevelandClinic.org. https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/holistic-multidisciplinary-approach-protects-patient-data-and-privacy/ NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 2 Protected Health Information Lindsey, D., Sniker, R., Travers, C., Budhwani, H., Richardson, M., Quisney, R., & Shukla, V. V. (2023). When HIPAA hurts: Legal barriers to texting may reinforce healthcare disparities and disenfranchise vulnerable patients. Journal of Perinatology, 45(2), 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-024-00805-5 Mayo Clinic. (2024). Privacy policy. MayoClinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/privacy-policy MGH. (n.d.). Protect our patients’ privacy. Massachusetts General Hospital. https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/research/mgh-privacy-presentation.pdf Moore, W., & Frye, S. (2020). Review of HIPAA, part 2: Infractions, rights, violations, and role for the imaging technologist. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 48(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.119.227827 NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 2 Protected Health Information Pool, J., Akhlaghpour, S., Fatehi, F., & Burton-Jones, A. (2023). A systematic analysis of failures in protecting personal health data: A scoping review. International Journal of Information Management, 74, 102719–102719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102719

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 1 Nursing Informatics in Health Care Name Capella university NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology Prof. Name Date Nursing Informatics in Health Care Integrating a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) into healthcare organizations is essential for enhancing patient outcomes and safety. CDSS technology significantly contributes to improving diagnostic accuracy, refining treatment protocols, and supporting clinical decisions (Laraichi et al., 2024). The implementation of this system requires skilled Nurse Informaticists (NI), who play a vital role in minimizing clinical errors, delivering real-time medication alerts, and ensuring overall patient safety. In nursing practice, informatics merges nursing science with information technology to improve the delivery of healthcare. Nurse Informaticists are equipped with both clinical and technological expertise and serve as intermediaries between IT systems and clinical practice (Nashwan et al., 2025). They oversee the implementation of tools like CDSS, train healthcare personnel, and develop strategies for data-informed decision-making. Notably, Dr. Virginia Saba contributed to this field by developing the Clinical Care Classification (CCC) system to enhance documentation precision (Lopez et al., 2023). NIs ensure that CDSS platforms are designed for user-friendliness and meet clinical needs, boosting decision accuracy and reducing errors. Leading health organizations such as the Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic have adopted nursing informatics to enhance clinical performance. Cleveland Clinic uses nursing informatics to streamline Electronic Health Records (EHRs), while Mayo Clinic uses CDSS to tailor care for patients with Acute Kidney Injury (Mayo Clinic, 2024). These systems assist in predicting risk factors and offering timely, evidence-based recommendations. The presence of Nurse Informaticists in these settings ensures that CDSS is integrated smoothly, aligning patient care strategies with technology and enhancing clinical outcomes. Nurse Informaticists and Healthcare Collaboration Nurse Informaticists act as liaisons between technology developers and healthcare professionals. They collaborate across disciplines—nurses, physicians, and IT experts—to develop systems that are clinically relevant and functionally efficient (Laraichi et al., 2024). By applying their dual expertise, they ensure that CDSS tools are effectively integrated into EHRs and that systems meet the dynamic demands of patient care. Their work not only reduces clinical errors but also fosters team collaboration and boosts clinical efficiency. Training is a crucial responsibility of Nurse Informaticists. They educate nurses and other clinical staff on how to use CDSS effectively, ensuring that everyone understands how to access real-time data and apply it to clinical decision-making. According to the American Nurses Association (2024), training initiatives support the adoption of technology and increase staff competency, which translates to safer and more efficient patient care. NI-led implementation also supports change management and increases the acceptance of new tools within clinical environments. The value of full nurse participation in CDSS planning cannot be overstated. When nurses are involved in the creation and execution of clinical systems, workflows improve, and patient outcomes are optimized. Nurses’ insights help ensure that the CDSS supports practical clinical operations while reducing overhead costs. According to Zhai et al. (2022), nurse engagement is vital in every stage of implementation to ensure clinical relevance and acceptance of the tools. Moreover, such integration enhances efficiency and leads to significant cost savings. Opportunities, Challenges, and Recommendations Nurse Informaticists bring transformative opportunities to health organizations through the implementation of CDSS, including the standardization of care and the enhancement of patient safety. These professionals help streamline care workflows and ensure real-time, data-driven decisions (Laraichi et al., 2024). For instance, CDSS use has reduced unnecessary testing costs, such as an annual \$300,000 saving on vitamin D testing (Lewkowicz et al., 2020). Moreover, NIs are key in maintaining data integrity, ensuring HIPAA compliance, and executing data encryption and multifactor authentication to protect sensitive patient information (Shojaei et al., 2024). Despite these advantages, challenges persist, including resistance to new technologies and data privacy concerns. These can be addressed through robust staff training and strict data security protocols. NIs conduct system audits and enforce access controls to safeguard patient records. Their collaboration with technologists ensures that tools meet clinical needs and are user-friendly, thereby improving acceptance rates. To conclude, the inclusion of Nurse Informaticists is justified based on their unique ability to integrate CDSS into healthcare systems effectively. Their involvement enhances diagnostic accuracy, patient safety, and data security. Nurse Informaticists serve as catalysts for technological adoption, enabling better outcomes through streamlined clinical workflows, data-driven decision-making, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Table: Summary of Key Concepts Heading Key Focus Areas Examples and Outcomes Nursing Informatics and CDSS – Improve diagnostics – Reduce errors – Real-time alerts CDSS tools used by Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic to enhance patient-specific care and diagnostics NI Roles and Collaboration – Train staff – Optimize EHR – Design user-friendly CDSS NI ensures smooth CDSS-EHR integration, educates teams, ensures clinical relevance Opportunities and Justifications – Cost savings – Privacy and data security – Improved patient care Savings of \$300,000 annually (Lewkowicz et al., 2020); Enhanced HIPAA compliance and care quality References American Nurses Association. (2024). What is nursing informatics and why is it so important. https://www.nursingworld.org/content-hub/resources/nursing-resources/nursing-informatics/ Cleveland Clinic. (2024). Nursing informatics. https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/nursing/nursing-informatics Laraichi, O., Daim, T., Alzahrani, S., Hogaboam, L., Bolatan, G. I., & Moughari, M. M. (2024). Technology readiness assessment: Case of clinical decision support systems in healthcare. Technology in Society, 79, 102736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102736 Lewkowicz, D., Wohlbrandt, A., & Boettinger, E. (2020). Economic impact of clinical decision support interventions based on electronic health records. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05688-3 NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 1 Nursing Informatics in Health Care Lopez, K. D., Langford, L. H., Kennedy, R., McCormick, K., Delaney, C. W., Alexander, G., Englebright, J., Carroll, W. M., & Monsen, K. A. (2023). Future advancement of health care through standardized nursing terminologies: Reflections from a Friends of the National Library of Medicine workshop honoring Virginia K. Saba. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(11), 1878–1884. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad156 Mayo Clinic. (2024). Clinical decision support systems for personalized management of patients with acute kidney injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/pulmonary-medicine/news/clinical-decision-support-systems-for-personalized-management-of-patients-with-acute-kidney-injury/mac-20524049 Nashwan, A. J., Cabrega, J. A., Othman, M. I., Khedr, M. A., Osman, Y. M., Ashry, A. M. E., Naif, R., & Mousa, A. A. (2025). The evolving role of nursing informatics in the era