Category: BSN

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Caring for Special Populations Teaching Presentation Good day, everyone. My name is [Your Name], and today I will discuss the healthcare challenges faced by homeless or housing-insecure individuals. This presentation will also highlight culturally competent nursing strategies that can enhance health outcomes for this vulnerable population. Introduction to Housing-Insecure Individuals Housing insecurity refers to the lack of stable, adequate, and affordable housing, leading to risks such as eviction, overcrowding, and homelessness. Those experiencing housing insecurity often reside in temporary shelters, motels, or with family and friends due to financial constraints. Many frequently relocate or endure unsafe conditions, exacerbating chronic stress and negative health outcomes. People with disabilities, low-income families, and marginalized communities are disproportionately affected by housing insecurity, further intensifying socioeconomic disparities. According to the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC, 2023), approximately 11 million households, or one in four individuals, out of 44.1 million renters in the United States struggle with housing affordability. Financial hardship places many individuals at risk of losing their homes or being unable to afford rent, increasing their vulnerability to poor health outcomes. Healthcare Challenges for Housing-Insecure Individuals Individuals facing housing insecurity often delay seeking medical care due to cost, lack of insurance, and transportation barriers. They are at higher risk for chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases due to inadequate living conditions and limited access to nutritious food (Fitzpatrick & Willis, 2021). Additionally, mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are common due to financial stress and housing instability. The absence of stable housing contributes to poor medication adherence and frequent emergency department visits. Preventable hospitalizations and untreated medical conditions are widespread among this population. In 2019, the average cost of renting a home was $520 per month, but individuals with very low incomes could afford only $283 per month, creating a significant affordability gap (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2023). Addressing these healthcare disparities requires integrating Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) into care models. Community-based initiatives such as mobile health services, mental health counseling, and housing assistance can mitigate these challenges. Healthcare professionals should implement trauma-informed care to provide sensitive and effective treatment for housing-insecure individuals. Expanding Medicaid eligibility and strengthening social support networks can help bridge healthcare access gaps and improve outcomes (Willison et al., 2021). Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Culturally competent nursing care is crucial for addressing the health needs of housing-insecure individuals. Many individuals in this group prioritize basic survival over medical care, leading to untreated chronic conditions and delayed treatment for acute illnesses. Mobile health clinics that bring services directly to shelters and community centers can reduce transportation barriers and improve access to preventive care (Rennert et al., 2024). Housing-insecure individuals may distrust healthcare systems due to past negative experiences and perceived discrimination. As Hernandez et al. (2021) suggest, nurses should build trust through respectful, nonjudgmental communication and trauma-informed care. Cultural competence training enables providers to recognize and respect diverse backgrounds, improving patient engagement and treatment adherence. Financial instability and lack of identification documents prevent many individuals from accessing medical services. Nurses can support patients by connecting them with social workers and community resources that provide low-cost or free healthcare. Partnerships with local food pantries and housing agencies can help address SDOH, promoting long-term well-being (Garcia et al., 2024). By integrating culturally responsive strategies, nurses can reduce healthcare disparities and improve outcomes for housing-insecure populations. Table: Culturally Competent Nursing Care Strategies Strategy Description Self-Reflection and Education Nurses should recognize their biases and understand how cultural values influence health beliefs and behaviors. Cultural Practices Recognition Healthcare providers should acknowledge alternative medicine, dietary restrictions, and spiritual traditions. Culturally Appropriate Communication Use interpreters, avoid medical jargon, and incorporate visual aids to bridge language barriers. Collective Decision-Making Involve family members and community leaders in care planning to align treatment with patients’ values. Addressing Socioeconomic Challenges Offer flexible appointment scheduling and use mobile health services to improve accessibility. Professional Development in Cultural Competence Continuous education helps nurses navigate complex healthcare interactions and reduce disparities. References Anthonj, C., Mingoti Poague, K. I. H., Fleming, L., & Stanglow, S. (2024). Invisible struggles: WASH insecurity and implications of extreme weather among urban homeless in high-income countries – A systematic scoping review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 255, 114285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114285 Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. (2024). Street team. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. https://www.bhchp.org/services/street-team/ Deering, M. (2024, May 3). Cultural competence in nursing. NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/ Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Willis, D. E. (2021). Homeless and hungry: Food insecurity in the land of plenty. Food Security, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x Garcia, C., Doran, K., & Kushel, M. (2024). Homelessness and health: Factors, evidence, innovations that work, and policy recommendations. Health Affairs, 43(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01049 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 4 Hernandez, N. C., Leal, L. M. R., & Brito, M. J. M. (2021). Building culturally competent compassion in nurses caring for vulnerable populations. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 40(4), 089801012110627. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211062708 Miller, L. (2021). Statistics on veterans and substance abuse. Veteranaddiction.org. https://veteranaddiction.org/resources/veteran-statistics/ National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2023). A shortage of affordable homes. NLIHC. https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/gap/Gap-Report_2023.pdf Rennert, L., Gezer, F., Jayawardena, I., Howard, K. A., Bennett, K. J., Litwin, A. H., & Sease, K. K. (2024). Mobile health clinics for distribution of vaccinations to underserved communities during health emergencies: A COVID-19 case study. Public Health in Practice, 8, 100550–100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100550 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Grants for the benefit of homeless individuals (GBHI). SAMHSA.gov. https://www.samhsa.gov/communities/homelessness-programs-resources/grants/gbhi The Queens Nursing Institute. (2022). Homeless and inclusion health nursing case studies raising awareness and understanding of homeless and inclusion health nursing and demonstrating the value of this specialist role. The Queens Nursing Institute. https://qni.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/HIH-Case-Studies-2022.pdf Willison, C. E., Lillvis, D., Mauri, A., & Singer, P. M. (2021). Technically accessible, practically ineligible: The effects of Medicaid expansion implementation on chronic homelessness. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-9349142

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date The 3Ps and Mental Health Care: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition that ranks as the third leading cause of disease burden globally (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). The management of MDD often involves an integrated approach that addresses three primary factors: psychological, physiological, and pharmacological, collectively referred to as the 3Ps. These three dimensions provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex nature of MDD and guiding treatment strategies. A concept map, which visually organizes these components, plays a crucial role in enhancing clinical understanding and supporting evidence-based mental health care practices. Case Overview: Understanding Ivy Jackson’s Struggles with MDD Ivy Jackson, a 61-year-old woman, is presenting with classic symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder after experiencing a significant life stressor—her recent divorce. Symptoms such as persistent sadness, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and overall emotional distress align with the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These signs suggest a need for a holistic approach to care, which involves assessing her risk factors, diagnosing her condition, selecting the appropriate medication regimen, identifying potential complications, and implementing suitable nursing interventions. Mental Health Diagnosis: Exploring Ivy’s Symptoms and Background Ivy’s case is consistent with the DSM-5 definition of MDD, which is characterized by a prolonged low mood, a loss of interest in daily activities, cognitive disturbances, disrupted sleep patterns, and a noticeable decline in functional ability (Bains & Abdijadid, 2023). Ivy experiences chronic sadness, frequent crying episodes, and pervasive feelings of hopelessness following the abrupt end of her 38-year marriage. She also reports anhedonia, meaning she no longer enjoys activities that once brought her pleasure, including walking and socializing with her family. Furthermore, Ivy has lost 10 pounds due to a reduced appetite and is suffering from insomnia, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Though Ivy denies any suicidal thoughts, her social isolation and emotional distress heighten her risk for further complications. This necessitates close monitoring and intervention. Ivy’s depressive symptoms are influenced by multiple factors. The significant psychosocial stressor—her divorce—is a key trigger for her depressive episode. Her family history of depression, including her mother and brother, also suggests a genetic predisposition to the condition. Additionally, Ivy has a medical history of hypertension and has experienced depressive episodes in the past, especially during significant life transitions, such as when her youngest child left for college. Her non-adherence to medication is another critical risk factor. Ivy had been prescribed venlafaxine, a Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI), in the past but discontinued the medication due to withdrawal symptoms. This discontinuation is likely contributing to her current depressive relapse. Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment has been shown to be a significant factor in the recurrence of depression (Naudín et al., 2022). While Ivy’s condition is triggered by a clear stressor (her divorce), the persistence of her symptoms beyond the stressful event suggests MDD rather than situational depression. Situational depression tends to be short-lived and directly linked to external stressors, while MDD is associated with underlying biological factors, such as neurotransmitter imbalances and dysfunctions in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis (Remes, 2021). Given Ivy’s extended symptoms, history of depression, and the severity of her emotional distress, an MDD diagnosis is well-supported. Concept Map: Breaking Down Ivy Jackson’s MDD Care To better understand Ivy’s condition, a concept map provides a visual representation of the key factors involved in her MDD diagnosis and management. This map organizes the psychological, physiological, and pharmacological factors into a structured framework to guide care planning. Factors Psychological Physiological Pharmacological Risk Factors Divorce, family history of depression, social isolation Hypertension, past depressive episodes Discontinuation of venlafaxine, non-adherence to medications Signs & Symptoms Persistent sadness, crying, hopelessness, anhedonia Fatigue, weight loss, sleep disturbances, poor appetite Side effects of antidepressants, withdrawal symptoms Diagnostics DSM-5 Criteria for MDD Thyroid function tests, CBC, Vitamin D screening Past medication responses, adherence patterns Complications Chronic depression, social detachment, impaired decision-making Unregulated hypertension, nutritional deficiencies Relapse, medication non-adherence Nursing Interventions Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), social support Sleep hygiene, dietary counseling, physical activity Medication adherence support, side effect management Conclusion: Comprehensive Care for Ivy Jackson The case of Ivy Jackson underscores the critical importance of a structured and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing and managing Major Depressive Disorder. By using a concept map, healthcare providers can clearly identify and address the key factors involved in MDD, from psychological stressors to physiological and pharmacological concerns. A comprehensive care plan that integrates evidence-based strategies—such as psychological therapy, pharmacological treatment, and lifestyle modifications—will be essential to improving Ivy’s mental health, treatment adherence, and overall quality of life. References Bains, N., & Abdijadid, S. (2023, April 10). Major depressive disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/ Chand, S., & Arif, H. (2023). Depression. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/ Lieshout, R. J. V., Layton, H., Savoy, C. D., Haber, E., Feller, A., Biscaro, A., Bieling, P. J., & Ferro, M. A. (2022). Public health nurse-delivered group cognitive behavioural therapy for postpartum depression: A randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(6), 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221074426 NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 3 Naudín, M. A.-P., Abejón, E.-G., Gómez, F.-H., Lázaro, D.-F., & Álvarez, F. J. (2022). Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment and related factors in a region of Spain: A population-based registry study. Pharmaceutics, 14(12), 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122696 Remes, O. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature. Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 2 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date Enhancing Holistic Nursing Care Through Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Holistic nursing care goes beyond just treating physical symptoms—it focuses on the entire person, addressing their body, mind, and spirit. Nurses who understand and integrate the principles of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment—collectively known as the “3Ps”—are able to offer more personalized, effective, and comprehensive care. This article examines the role of the 3Ps in holistic nursing, their impact on patient care, and how nurses can use this knowledge to improve patient outcomes. The Essence of Holistic Nursing Care Holistic nursing care is centered on treating the whole person, not just a set of symptoms or diseases. It combines conventional medical treatments with alternative therapies such as mindfulness, stress management, and therapeutic communication (American Holistic Nurses Association [AHNA], 2021). Nurses utilizing a holistic approach recognize that a patient’s physical, emotional, spiritual, and environmental factors are interconnected, and they focus on fostering healing in all of these areas. This approach has numerous benefits for both patients and nurses. For patients, it often leads to better health outcomes, increased satisfaction, and improved adherence to treatment plans. By addressing psychological and social factors, holistic care can reduce anxiety and enhance the recovery process. Nurses, on the other hand, experience higher job satisfaction, deeper patient connections, and lower burnout rates, which collectively enhance clinical decision-making and patient advocacy (Lukovsky et al., 2020). Holistic care is therefore a critical component of a patient-centered healthcare system. The 3Ps: Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment Pathophysiology: Understanding Disease Mechanisms Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases alter normal body functions. Nurses who are well-versed in pathophysiology can better understand the mechanisms behind illnesses, allowing for earlier identification of potential complications and more accurate interventions (Park, 2021). For example, understanding insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes enables nurses to educate patients on lifestyle changes and monitor for complications like neuropathy or cardiovascular disease. In heart failure, pathophysiology helps nurses assess fluid retention and shortness of breath, providing the knowledge needed to optimize treatment and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacology: Safe Medication Administration Pharmacology is essential to nursing practice, as it equips nurses with the knowledge to administer medications safely and understand their effects on the body. Nurses must be familiar with drug classifications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential interactions to make informed decisions regarding patient care (Stolic et al., 2022). For example, in the case of depression, nurses monitor the effectiveness and side effects of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), while also addressing potential challenges like medication adherence (Thom et al., 2021). Pharmacology also supports holistic care by considering the patient’s psychological and social context. For example, when managing chronic pain, nurses need to ensure opioid medications are administered safely while minimizing the risk of dependency, all while addressing emotional and social aspects that may impact pain management. A comprehensive understanding of pharmacology allows nurses to tailor treatments that align with patients’ unique needs (Stolic et al., 2022). Physical Assessment: Essential for Accurate Diagnosis Physical assessment is a fundamental skill that enables nurses to gather critical data about a patient’s condition. Using methods such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, nurses can identify early warning signs of complications, detect abnormalities, and prioritize care. A thorough physical assessment looks at vital signs, neurological status, respiratory function, cardiovascular health, gastrointestinal function, and musculoskeletal health (Patiwael et al., 2021). For example, when caring for a patient with congestive heart failure, lung auscultation may reveal crackles indicating fluid retention, prompting timely interventions like diuretics or oxygen therapy. In post-operative patients, physical assessments help detect complications such as infections or deep vein thrombosis, ensuring that appropriate care strategies are implemented early to reduce risks and improve outcomes (Patiwael et al., 2021). Integrating the 3Ps in Clinical Practice The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment is critical for providing holistic care that improves patient outcomes. Consider a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in an acute care setting. The nurse’s understanding of pathophysiology helps them recognize airway narrowing and inflammation. Physical assessment allows for monitoring respiratory function, while pharmacological knowledge guides the safe use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy to optimize respiratory function (MacLeod et al., 2021). Similarly, in managing sepsis in an intensive care unit, pathophysiology knowledge helps nurses understand the systemic inflammatory responses that can lead to organ dysfunction. Physical assessments help monitor vital signs, urine output, and skin perfusion, while pharmacology provides the foundation for administering antibiotics and intravenous fluids. This integrated approach ensures timely interventions that can reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes (Thom et al., 2021). Conclusion: Advancing Holistic Nursing with the 3Ps The integration of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment into holistic nursing care is essential for improving patient safety and outcomes. Nurses equipped with a deep understanding of these principles can offer more personalized care that addresses both physical and emotional needs. This holistic approach not only enhances patient well-being but also promotes a compassionate, evidence-based healthcare environment. Table: The Role of the 3Ps in Holistic Nursing Care Aspect Role in Nursing Clinical Example Pathophysiology Understanding disease mechanisms to guide care Diabetes: Educating patients on insulin resistance and monitoring complications (Park, 2021). Pharmacology Safe medication administration and monitoring effects Depression: Monitoring SSRIs for effectiveness and managing side effects (Thom et al., 2021). Physical Assessment Gathering patient data to guide interventions Heart failure: Detecting fluid overload through lung auscultation (Patiwael et al., 2021). References American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA). (2021). What we do. American Holistic Nurses Association. https://www.ahna.org/About-Us/What-is-Holistic-Nursing Lukovsky, J., McGrath, E., Sun, C., Frankl, D., & Beauchesne, M. A. (2020). A survey of hospice and palliative care nurses’ and holistic nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 23(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000000711 MacLeod, M., Papi, A., Contoli, M., Beghé, B., Celli, B. R., Wedzicha, J. A., & Fabbri, L. M. (2021). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

NURS FPX 4015 Assessment 1 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4015 Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care Prof. Name Date

NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4005 Nursing Leadership: Focusing on People, Processes, and Organizations Prof. Name Date

NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 4 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4005 Nursing Leadership: Focusing on People, Processes, and Organizations Prof. Name Date Stakeholder Presentation Delays in implementing an integrated diabetes education program at St. Paul Regional Health Center (SPRHC) are significantly hindering patient adherence to self-management strategies. The fragmented care coordination and inconsistent communication among healthcare teams prevent real-time collaboration, which leads to suboptimal diabetes management outcomes. This assessment proposes an interdisciplinary care plan to improve communication, enhance patient education, and optimize diabetes care coordination, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Organizational Issue SPRHC faces considerable delays in establishing a structured diabetes education program, which negatively impacts patient adherence and overall clinical outcomes. These delays stem from fragmented care coordination, inconsistent communication across interdisciplinary teams, and the lack of standardized workflows. The absence of real-time collaboration between primary care providers, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health specialists results in misaligned treatment plans. This, in turn, leads to poor glycemic control and increased hospital readmissions. Beyond the impact on patient health, ineffective interdisciplinary coordination also contributes to staff burnout due to unclear roles and inefficient workflows. Additionally, the hospital’s reputation is at risk, as inadequate diabetes management may deter potential patients and hinder the recruitment of top healthcare professionals. A systematic review by Tandan et al. (2024) examined 54 studies on team-based interventions for chronic disease management in primary care, revealing significant improvements in clinical outcomes, including reductions in systolic blood pressure (−5.88 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (−3.23 mmHg), and HbA1C (−0.38%). These findings underline the need for a structured, interdisciplinary approach in diabetes education at SPRHC to enhance collaboration, improve patient outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs. Importance of the Issue Addressing deficiencies in diabetes education and interdisciplinary collaboration at SPRHC is essential for delivering high-quality, patient-centered care. A formalized diabetes education program would establish standardized protocols, shared decision-making frameworks, and common electronic health record (EHR) templates to enable real-time treatment adjustments. Weekly interdisciplinary rounds will foster enhanced coordination among primary care providers, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health professionals, optimizing patient outcomes and promoting a teamwork-oriented environment. Improved communication and reduced inconsistencies in treatment plans would allow healthcare providers to implement evidence-based care more effectively. This would lead to greater job satisfaction and improved patient trust. Additionally, the initiative aligns with SPRHC’s mission to provide comprehensive diabetes management, reinforce patient engagement, and promote long-term adherence to self-care. The program is expected to reduce hospital readmissions, lower healthcare costs, and improve organizational efficiency, ensuring long-term sustainability in diabetes care. Table: Key Aspects of the Interdisciplinary Diabetes Care Plan Category Details Interdisciplinary Team Approach Enhances care coordination among primary care providers, endocrinologists, diabetes educators, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health professionals. Standardized Communication Protocols SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) will be used for patient handoffs to ensure consistent and effective communication. Real-Time Data Sharing & Integration EHR systems will be integrated with a dedicated diabetes management platform for real-time access to patient data, lab results, and medication adherence. Collaborative Decision-Making & Care Pathways Development of interdisciplinary care pathways for personalized insulin management, lifestyle interventions, and behavioral support. Training & Cross-Disciplinary Education Regular training on diabetes management, motivational interviewing, and shared decision-making will improve collaboration and patient education. Implementation and Resource Management The successful implementation of an interdisciplinary diabetes education program at SPRHC requires a structured approach with proper resource allocation. The Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle will be utilized to ensure sustainability and continuous improvement: Planning Phase: Identify major challenges such as low patient compliance, inadequate diabetes education, and inefficient care coordination. Training programs will be developed for primary care teams, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health professionals to enhance communication and patient education. Doing Phase: A pilot group of patients will be enrolled in the diabetes education program. Staff will undergo simulation exercises and workshops to refine teamwork and engagement strategies. Study Phase: Performance indicators such as improved glycemic control (A1C levels), medication adherence, and reduced hospital readmissions will be analyzed. Staff and patient feedback will guide refinements. Act Phase: The program will be expanded hospital-wide, supported by ongoing training, quarterly interdisciplinary meetings, and continuous monitoring of patient outcomes. Strategic financial planning is critical to sustaining the program. Initial costs for training, technology, and patient education are estimated between $250,000 and $450,000 annually. However, this investment is expected to reduce long-term healthcare expenses by improving glucose control, lowering hospitalization rates, and decreasing diabetes-related complications (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2024). Effective resource allocation, including optimized staffing and EHR integration, will further enhance care coordination (Tamunobarafiri et al., 2024). References American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2024). About diabetes. Diabetes.org. https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes Colvin, C. L., Akinyelure, O. P., Rajan, M., Safford, M. M., Carson, A. P., Muntner, P., Colantonio, L. D., & Kern, L. M. (2023). Diabetes, gaps in care coordination, and preventable adverse events. The American Journal of Managed Care, 29(6), e162–e168. https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2023.89374 Dhediya, R., Chadha, M., Bhattacharya, A. D., Godbole, S., & Godbole, S. (2022). Role of telemedicine in diabetes management. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 17(3), 193229682210811. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10210114/ Nurchis, M. C., Sessa, G., Pascucci, D., Sassano, M., Lombi, L., & Damiani, G. (2022). Interprofessional collaboration and diabetes management in primary care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040643 NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 4 Tamunobarafiri, G., Aderonke, J., Cosmos, C., None Mojeed Dayo Ajegbile, & None Samira Abdul. (2024). Integrating electronic health records systems across borders: Technical challenges and policy solutions. International Medical Science Research Journal, 4(7), 788–796. https://doi.org/10.51594/imsrj.v4i7.1357 Tandan, M., Dunlea, S., Cullen, W., & Bury, G. (2024). Teamwork and its impact on chronic disease clinical outcomes in primary care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 229, 88–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.019

NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 3 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4005 Nursing Leadership: Focusing on People, Processes, and Organizations Prof. Name Date Interdisciplinary Plan Proposal The rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes at St. Paul Regional Health Center requires a well-coordinated interdisciplinary approach to patient education and care management. Many patients face difficulties in self-management, often due to a lack of sufficient education, inadequate dietary guidance, and psychological barriers (Adhikari et al., 2021). To mitigate these challenges, this proposal outlines the development of a comprehensive diabetes education program within the outpatient diabetes management department. The program will adopt a team-based approach aimed at enhancing self-care practices, ultimately reducing complications related to diabetes. Objective The main goal of this initiative is to create an interdisciplinary diabetes education program that includes primary care providers, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health specialists. By working together, this team will enhance patient adherence to self-management strategies, which is expected to improve glycemic control, reduce hospital readmissions, and lower long-term healthcare costs. Evidence suggests that interdisciplinary care for diabetes leads to better patient outcomes and reduces healthcare expenses (Nurchis et al., 2022). Questions and Predictions The success of this initiative will depend on addressing several key questions. First, how does interdisciplinary collaboration affect patient adherence to diabetes self-management? The program is anticipated to boost adherence to prescribed medication, dietary guidelines, and physical activity by 20% within six months. Second, what potential barriers might impede the program’s implementation? Initial resistance from both staff and patients is likely, but ongoing education and support are expected to alleviate these concerns. Another important question concerns the program’s effect on hospital readmission rates. Previous studies suggest that a 15% reduction in readmissions can be expected, resulting from better self-management practices (Pugh et al., 2021). Additionally, the impact on the interdisciplinary team’s workload will be examined. A 10% increase in workload is expected initially, but structured workflows are predicted to improve overall efficiency. Finally, the financial implications will be considered. Although initial expenses for training and technology will be incurred, these costs are expected to be offset by reduced emergency care utilization and fewer diabetes-related complications (Haque et al., 2021). Interdisciplinary Plan Proposal – Summary Table Category Details Objective Develop an interdisciplinary diabetes education program involving primary care providers, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and behavioral health specialists to enhance patient self-management. Expected Outcomes Improve glycemic control, reduce hospital readmissions by 15%, and lower long-term healthcare costs. Barriers & Solutions Resistance from staff and patients; addressed through continuous education and support. Category Details Change Theories & Leadership Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model will guide implementation, ensuring stakeholder engagement and resource allocation (Miles et al., 2023). Transformational Leadership Encourages collaboration and innovation, ensuring active participation and long-term commitment from healthcare providers (Ystaas et al., 2023). Team Collaboration Primary care providers conduct initial assessments, nurses provide education, dietitians develop meal plans, behavioral specialists address mental health concerns, and pharmacists optimize medication use. Category Details Organizational Resources Investment in staffing, training, and technology, including educational materials, glucose monitors, and telehealth systems (Ng et al., 2023). Financial Impact Initial investment of $50,000; projected long-term savings of $100,000 per year through reduced hospitalizations and emergency visits. Technology Integration Coordination with IT for EHR integration and hospital administration for resource allocation (Robertson et al., 2022). Conclusion The proposed interdisciplinary diabetes education program at St. Paul Regional Health Center aims to improve patient self-management and health outcomes. By promoting collaboration among healthcare providers and leveraging technology for seamless care coordination, the initiative is expected to reduce hospitalizations, lower costs, and enhance the quality of life for patients with diabetes. Ultimately, this structured approach will lead to healthier patients and a more sustainable healthcare system. References Adhikari, M., Devkota, H. R., & Cesuroglu, T. (2021). Barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-management practices in Rupandehi, Nepal—Multiple stakeholders’ perspective. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11308-4 Haque, W. Z., Demidowich, A. P., Sidhaye, A., Golden, S. H., & Zilbermint, M. (2021). The financial impact of an inpatient diabetes management service. Current Diabetes Reports, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01374-0 Miles, M. C., Richardson, K. M., Wolfe, R., Hairston, K., Cleveland, M., Kelly, C., Lippert, J., Mastandrea, N., & Pruitt, Z. (2023). Using Kotter’s change management framework to redesign departmental GME recruitment. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 15(1), 98–104. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9934828/ Ng, Y. K., Shah, N. M., Chen, T. F., Loganadan, N. K., Kong, S. H., Cheng, Y. Y., Sharifudin, S. S. M., & Chong, W. W. (2023). Impact of a training program on hospital pharmacists’ patient-centered communication attitudes and behaviors. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 11, 100325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100325 NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 3 Nurchis, M. C., Sessa, G., Pascucci, D., Sassano, M., Lombi, L., & Damiani, G. (2022). Interprofessional collaboration and diabetes management in primary care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040643 Pugh, J., Penney, L. S., Noël, P. H., Neller, S., Mader, M., Finley, E. P., Lanham, H. J., & Leykum, L. (2021). Evidence-based processes to prevent readmissions: More is better, a ten-site observational study. BioMed Central Health Services Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06193-x Robertson, S. T., Rosbergen, I. C. M., Jones, A. B., Grimley, R. S., & Brauer, S. G. (2022). The effect of the electronic health record on interprofessional practice: A systematic review. Applied Clinical Informatics, 13(03), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748855 Segal, Y., & Gunturu, S. (2024). Psychological issues associated with obesity. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603747/ Ystaas, L. M. K., Nikitara, M., Ghobrial, S., Latzourakis, E., Polychronis, G., & Constantinou, C. S. (2023). The impact of transformational leadership in the nursing work environment and patients’ outcomes: A systematic review. Nursing Reports, 13(3), 1271–1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13030108

NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 2 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4005 Nursing Leadership: Focusing on People, Processes, and Organizations Prof. Name Date Interview and Interdisciplinary Issue Identification This paper examines an interview conducted with a healthcare professional to identify an organizational issue requiring an interdisciplinary approach. The findings highlight the key challenges identified during the interview, the application of relevant change theories, leadership strategies, and collaborative approaches to address the identified problem. Interview Summary The interview was conducted with a charge nurse who has over five years of experience managing nursing staff, coordinating interdepartmental efforts, and overseeing patient care at St. Michael’s Medical Center, an acute care facility specializing in emergency medicine, surgery, and chronic disease management. The interview revealed significant communication delays between nursing staff and physicians, particularly during emergencies and patient handovers. Despite the introduction of a standardized handoff tool to mitigate these delays, its use remained inconsistent. Efforts to enhance communication through staff training and workshops showed only moderate success, with challenges in sustaining improvements over time. While the organization promotes a supportive culture, interdisciplinary collaboration often remains fragmented as healthcare professionals tend to operate independently within their areas of expertise. The interviewee emphasized the importance of a structured communication framework and engagement strategies in fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and improving patient outcomes. A semi-structured interview approach was employed, using open-ended questions to encourage detailed responses (Slade & Sergent, 2023). Active listening techniques, including paraphrasing and clarifying responses, were utilized to validate the interviewee’s perspectives and encourage further discussion (Slade & Sergent, 2023). Additionally, contextual prompts were used to explore both successful and unsuccessful organizational strategies. The interview concluded with a summary to confirm accuracy and allow the interviewee to provide additional insights. Issue Identification One of the most critical issues identified was the breakdown in communication between nurses and physicians, especially during patient handovers and critical care situations. These communication breakdowns lead to delays in care, confusion, and increased patient safety risks. An interdisciplinary approach is essential to addressing these challenges effectively, as it fosters seamless communication and enhances care coordination (Simons et al., 2022). Implementing standardized communication tools, such as structured handoff protocols, can mitigate these issues. Research shows that training healthcare professionals in teamwork and communication enhances collaboration and builds trust among staff members (Eva et al., 2024). Moreover, interdisciplinary collaboration fosters continuous feedback and innovation, which leads to sustainable improvements. Establishing a culture of mutual respect and teamwork can significantly improve communication, ensuring a cohesive healthcare environment that prioritizes patient safety and high-quality care delivery. Change Theory and an Interdisciplinary Solution Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory provides a structured approach to addressing communication challenges in healthcare. The model consists of three stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (Smith et al., 2022). During the unfreezing stage, communication gaps are identified, and awareness is raised about their impact on patient care. The changing stage involves implementing interdisciplinary interventions, such as structured communication frameworks (e.g., SBAR) and joint training sessions, to enhance teamwork. The refreezing phase focuses on reinforcing these new communication practices through continuous monitoring, feedback, and leadership support. Research supports the application of Lewin’s model in fostering sustainable organizational transformation through interdisciplinary collaboration (Smith et al., 2022). Leadership Strategy and an Interdisciplinary Solution Transformational leadership is an effective strategy for addressing communication challenges between nurses and physicians. This leadership style encourages innovation, professional development, and a shared commitment to organizational goals. Transformational leaders emphasize open communication, mentorship, and trust-building across departments, which enhances teamwork and information exchange (Jankelová & Joniaková, 2021). Leaders who model effective communication behaviors and encourage adherence to standardized handoff protocols can ensure long-term improvements. Continuous training initiatives and performance monitoring also help sustain these improvements. Research shows that transformational leadership fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, ultimately enhancing patient care outcomes (Jankelová & Joniaková, 2021). By fostering a culture of teamwork and shared accountability, healthcare organizations can implement effective communication strategies that drive lasting improvements. Collaboration Approach for Interdisciplinary Teams The TeamSTEPPS framework is an evidence-based approach designed to improve communication and teamwork within healthcare settings. This model emphasizes clear communication, mutual respect, and shared goals, which are essential for fostering collaboration between nurses and physicians (Hassan et al., 2024). TeamSTEPPS provides structured training, role clarification, and feedback mechanisms to address communication breakdowns, particularly during patient handovers. By adopting this framework, healthcare organizations can cultivate a culture of collaboration, where all team members understand their roles and responsibilities, leading to improved coordination and reduced medical errors (Hassan et al., 2024). Research confirms that TeamSTEPPS strengthens interdisciplinary collaboration and promotes patient safety. Conclusion Addressing communication breakdowns in healthcare requires an interdisciplinary approach. By integrating Lewin’s Change Theory, transformational leadership strategies, and evidence-based frameworks like TeamSTEPPS, healthcare organizations can foster a collaborative culture that improves communication, strengthens teamwork, and optimizes patient outcomes. These strategies contribute to sustainable organizational improvements, ensuring high-quality and safe patient care. Table: Key Aspects of Interview and Interdisciplinary Solutions* Category Findings and Solutions Supporting Evidence Interview Summary Communication delays during emergencies and patient handovers; inconsistent adherence to handoff tools. Slade & Sergent (2023) Issue Identification Breakdown in nurse-physician communication leads to delays and safety risks. Simons et al. (2022); Eva et al. (2024) Change Theory Lewin’s Change Theory: Unfreezing, Changing, Refreezing to improve communication. Smith et al. (2022) Leadership Strategy Transformational leadership fosters collaboration, communication, and adherence to protocols. Jankelová & Joniaková (2021) Collaboration Approach TeamSTEPPS framework promotes structured training, clear roles, and teamwork. Hassan et al. (2024) References Eva, T. P., Afroze, R., & Sarker, M. A. R. (2024). The impact of leadership, communication, and teamwork practices on employee trust in the workplace. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 12(3), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.2478/mdke-2024-0015 Hassan, A. E., Mohammed, F. A., Zakaria, A. M., & Ibrahim, I. A. (2024). Evaluating the effect of TeamSTEPPS on teamwork perceptions and patient safety culture among newly graduated nurses. BMC Nursing, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-01850-y Jankelová, N., & Joniaková, Z. (2021). Communication skills and transformational leadership style of first-line nurse managers in relation to job satisfaction of nurses and moderators of this relationship. Healthcare, 9(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030346 NURS FPX

NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 1 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4005 Nursing Leadership: Focusing on People, Processes, and Organizations Prof. Name Date Collaboration and Leadership Reflection Transformational leadership is essential in fostering a collaborative healthcare environment, enhancing teamwork, and improving patient outcomes. In my nursing practice, effective leadership has been instrumental in guiding interdisciplinary teams and ensuring coordinated care delivery. This reflection explores an interdisciplinary collaboration experience, compares effective and ineffective leadership styles, and highlights best practices for leadership and collaboration within healthcare teams. Interdisciplinary Collaboration Experience During my clinical practice, I was part of an interdisciplinary team dedicated to minimizing medication errors and improving patient safety. The primary objective was to implement a structured communication process among nurses, physicians, and pharmacists. However, the team faced challenges in ensuring accurate medication reconciliation due to inconsistencies in Electronic Health Record (EHR) documentation. To overcome these challenges, nurses organized team huddles at the beginning of each shift to review medication orders. Additionally, a shared documentation system was introduced to allow real-time updates in the EHR. These initiatives encouraged interprofessional respect, improved communication, and fostered a shared sense of responsibility. However, resistance to change arose from some team members, particularly those accustomed to traditional workflows. Delays in updating medication orders resulted in frustration among nursing staff. Implementing structured change management strategies, clearly defining roles, and providing additional training on the new documentation process could have mitigated these challenges. Effective vs. Ineffective Leadership in Collaboration Leadership plays a crucial role in guiding interdisciplinary teams and promoting collaboration. Two contrasting leadership styles—transformational and transactional—emerged during this experience. Transformational leadership greatly enhanced collaboration by encouraging open communication and focusing on long-term improvements (Mekonnen & Bayissa, 2023). Leaders who adopted this style facilitated shared decision-making, ensuring active participation from all team members in patient care. In contrast, transactional leadership was less effective, as it emphasized immediate problem-solving and adhered to rigid hierarchies (Mekonnen & Bayissa, 2023). This leadership approach often relied on punitive measures rather than empowerment, which led to resistance from team members. While transformational leadership encouraged team engagement and innovation, transactional leadership contributed to frustration and hindered collaboration. Best-Practice Leadership Strategies To optimize interdisciplinary teamwork, it is essential to implement transformational leadership strategies. The table below outlines best-practice leadership strategies that enhance collaboration and team effectiveness. Best-Practice Leadership Strategies Description Supporting Evidence Encouraging a Shared Vision Leaders who communicate a unified vision promote engagement and collaboration within healthcare teams. Liu et al. (2022) Continuous Professional Development Mentorship programs and leadership training enhance nurses’ ability to take initiative in team-based care. Shen & Tucker (2024) Change Management Skills Leadership training on conflict resolution and team motivation strengthens leadership effectiveness. Shen & Tucker (2024) Best-Practice Interdisciplinary Collaboration Strategies Adopting evidence-based strategies is key to improving interdisciplinary collaboration. The table below presents effective strategies that facilitate teamwork and communication. Best-Practice Interdisciplinary Collaboration Strategies Description Supporting Evidence Structured Communication Tools Implementing SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) standardizes communication and reduces errors. Samardzic et al. (2020) Interdisciplinary Rounds Regular team meetings align care plans and promote mutual understanding. Samardzic et al. (2020) Technology-Driven Collaboration Integrated EHR systems enhance real-time data sharing and minimize discrepancies. Calduch et al. (2021) Developing Leadership Style To enhance transformational leadership skills, it is crucial to refine change management capabilities. Participation in leadership training programs focused on conflict resolution and team motivation can significantly improve leadership effectiveness (Shen & Tucker, 2024). Additionally, engaging in mentorship—both as a mentor and mentee—fosters continuous professional growth. Advocating for team-based decision-making ensures that all voices are heard in patient care discussions, promoting inclusivity and interprofessional collaboration. Conclusion Reflecting on my interdisciplinary collaboration experience highlights the importance of transformational leadership in healthcare. By inspiring and empowering team members, nurses can drive meaningful change and improve patient outcomes. Developing leadership skills will enable more effective contributions to patient-centered care and strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration. References Calduch, E., Muscat, N., Krishnamurthy, R. S., & Ortiz, D. (2021). Technological progress in electronic health record system optimization: Systematic review of systematic literature reviews. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 152(1), 104507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104507 Liu, M., Zhang, P., Zhu, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). How and when does visionary leadership promote followers’ taking charge? The roles of inclusion of leader in self and future orientation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15(2), 1917–1929. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S366939 NURS FPX 4005 Assessment 1 Mekonnen, M., & Bayissa, Z. (2023). The effect of transformational and transactional leadership styles on organizational readiness for change among health professionals. SAGE Open Nursing, 9(9). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10336755/ Samardzic, M., Doekhie, K. D., & Wijngaarden, J. D. H. (2020). Interventions to improve team effectiveness within health care: A systematic review of the past decade. Human Resources for Health, 18(2), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0411-3 Shen, Q., & Tucker, S. (2024). Fostering leadership development and growth of nurse leaders: Experiences from Midwest Nursing Research Society Leadership Academy. Nursing Outlook, 72(6), 102293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102293

NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 5 Name Capella university NURS-FPX4000 Developing a Nursing Perspective Prof. Name Date Analyzing a Current Healthcare Problem or Issue Healthcare Workforce Shortage The shortage of healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, and support staff, is a critical issue impacting healthcare institutions. This workforce gap leads to increased workloads, stress, and fatigue among healthcare providers, contributing to higher turnover rates. As healthcare workers, particularly nurses, leave their roles due to burnout, both patient safety and care quality are compromised. Research has shown that interventions such as improved compensation, optimized scheduling, and access to professional development opportunities are crucial to improving retention rates. Additionally, integrating technologies like telehealth services can alleviate some of the burden on healthcare workers, enhancing both efficiency and the quality of patient care (Jonasdottir et al., 2022). Addressing this shortage requires proactive measures from healthcare administrators to safeguard both patient outcomes and staff well-being. Implications of the Shortage The insufficient number of healthcare professionals presents significant challenges for healthcare facilities. Hospitals and clinics are struggling to meet the increasing demand for medical services, resulting in overburdened staff and compromised patient care. The stress caused by excessive workloads contributes to high turnover rates, with nurse attrition in the United States reaching approximately 27.65% annually (Bae, 2023). Studies also highlight a direct link between nurse staffing levels and patient mortality. For instance, research conducted in a Swiss university hospital revealed that insufficient staffing of registered nurses increased the odds of patient mortality by 10%, whereas adequate staffing reduced mortality rates by 8.7% (Musy et al., 2021). These findings underscore the importance of adequate staffing to maintain both care quality and patient safety. Addressing the Issue To address the healthcare workforce shortage, healthcare leaders must implement targeted, evidence-based strategies. Increasing wages and improving working conditions, such as manageable scheduling, have been proven to reduce staff turnover and improve job satisfaction (Zhang et al., 2024). Offering professional development programs further supports career advancement and encourages long-term retention. In rural areas, financial incentives, such as housing allowances and salary increases, are effective in attracting and retaining healthcare professionals (Witter et al., 2021). Failing to address these issues will result in continued burnout, higher patient mortality rates, and deteriorating healthcare service quality. Further research on staffing policies, technology integration, and long-term retention strategies is essential to overcome this crisis. Healthcare Workforce Shortage Table Category Key Insights References Healthcare Workforce Shortage The shortage of healthcare workers, particularly nurses, leads to stress, burnout, and patient safety risks. Retention strategies include improved salaries, enhanced work conditions, and training programs. Jonasdottir et al. (2022) Implications of the Shortage High nurse turnover rates (27.65% annually) impact care quality. Research links low staffing to increased patient mortality. Bae (2023); Musy et al. (2021) Addressing the Issue Effective solutions involve raising wages, optimizing work schedules, and providing professional development opportunities. Rural healthcare benefits from financial incentives to attract and retain staff. Zhang et al. (2024); Witter et al. (2021) References Bae, S.-H. (2023). Comprehensive assessment of factors contributing to the actual turnover of newly licensed registered nurses working in acute care hospitals: A systematic review. BMC Nursing, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01190-3 Jonasdottir, S. K., Thordardottir, I., & Jonsdottir, T. (2022). Health professionals’ perspective towards challenges and opportunities of telehealth service provision: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 167, 104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104862 Musy, S. N., Endrich, O., Leichtle, A. B., Griffiths, P., Nakas, C. T., & Simon, M. (2021). The association between nurse staffing and inpatient mortality: A shift-level retrospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 120(103950), 103950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103950 NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 5 Witter, S., Herbst, C. H., Smitz, M., Balde, M. D., Magazi, I., & Zaman, R. U. (2021). How to attract and retain health workers in rural areas of a fragile state: Findings from a labour market survey in Guinea. PloS One, 16(12), e0245569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245569 Zhang, H., Abdullah, V. C. W. B., & Wong, L. (2024). The association between burnout, perceived organizational support, and perceived professional benefits among nurses in China. Heliyon, e39371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39371